A Dominican in Paris | 2
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San Pedro de Macorís, 1921.

The marina at the southern Dominican port city is bustling with activity. Fishermen head home for the day after selling their morning catch, while dock workers load heavy sacks of cane sugar onto cargo ships under the hot sun. Hustling past them, wealthy travelers trailed by their porters line up to board the gangway of a passenger ship bound for New York City. In the midst of it all,

A 42-year-old Afro-Dominican woman quietly waits her turn to board. Few people notice her. Fewer still would guess that she is Dr. Evangelina Rodriguez-Peroso, the first Dominican woman to graduate from medical school. What she did was really memorable for the time.

The fact that she was a woman from a poor background who was able to study medicine and practice as a doctor. Now, carrying nothing but a small battered suitcase with a few changes of clothes, she's setting sail on a weeks-long journey that will take her north to New York and then across the Atlantic to Paris, France. ♪

This is Lost Women of Science. I'm Laura Gomez. This is the second episode of our five-part series on the life of Dr. Evangelina Rodriguez-Peroso, the first female doctor from the Dominican Republic. To find out how Evangelina, a poor girl born out of wedlock, went from selling sweets on the streets of San Pedro de Macorís to graduating from medical school, go back and listen to episode one.

Today, our story crosses continents as Evangelina enters a whole new world. Episode 2, A Dominican in Paris. Evangelina's dream of going to Paris was born over a decade before she set foot on the steamship in San Pedro. And it was born from tragedy. In 1907, midway through her medical studies, her beloved teacher and mentor, Anacaona Moscoso,

died following the birth of her third child. It was a pregnancy her doctor had warned might kill her. But she didn't have the power to keep from getting pregnant again. And her death left Evangelina devastated. She's more like a mom. The mom Evangelina never had.

And seeing that person die, the person who had really helped her keep going, the person who always told her, you can do it, you can do it, you can do it, that had to be really hard for her, right? This is Mercedes Fernandez, who we heard from in episode one. She wrote her PhD thesis on Evangelina. So I think that's what convinced her to say, we have to help women.

There has to be a way for women to have children and not have to die. Mercedes believes that the death of Ana Kaona affected Evangelina so deeply that she made up her mind to do something. It was too late for Ana Kaona, but her case wasn't an exception. So many women lost their lives giving birth in those days. The problem was, Evangelina's med school hadn't equipped her to do much about it.

There were no up-to-date training facilities at her school, the one med school in Santo Domingo. No dissecting room, no chemical laboratory, no pathology department, and no courses in bacteriology. And so, even after she'd beat all the odds to get to that school and become a doctor, Evangelina decided she had to keep training. And at that time, the number one place doctors went to specialize and study advanced medical techniques was Paris.

But getting to Paris, let alone living and studying there, was incredibly expensive. Evangelina knew that raising money for the trip would take time. So after her graduation, in the early 19-teens, she kept the two side jobs she'd had throughout her studies. By day, she served as director of the school Anacaona founded, and in the evenings, she taught classes at a school for domestic workers.

On top of this, she wanted to begin practicing in her hometown of San Pedro. She figured she could at least treat some patients while she pulled together the money for her transatlantic voyage.

She began to practice timidly because she was so serious about what she was doing. She had so much respect for the profession that she felt she wasn't quite ready to practice medicine yet.

This is Claudia Scharf, a pediatrician and medical professor in the Dominican Republic. She says that, unfortunately, when Evangelina tried to begin practicing, she found that many people in San Pedro weren't willing to see her. People who were in the middle or upper class rejected her because they thought, how was it possible that she was a doctor, being that she was a woman?

So Evangelina left her job at the night school and moved to a place where she knew people needed her, a rural village outside San Pedro called Ramon Santana. Here's Mercedes Fernandez. In her letters, when she talks about Ramon Santana, she explains that they have almost no roads, that it's very inaccessible, that many things are lacking.

So my understanding is that it is a place where there are no resources. The village was surrounded by sugarcane fields, and most people living there survived on the growth and sale of sugarcane. According to Claudia Scharf, the people in these communities couldn't be too picky about what kind of doctor they saw. The people who worked in the sugar fields, cutting sugarcane, those laborers,

did not have many resources to go visit prestigious doctors. So it was with these people that Evangelina first began to practice. Evangelina set up her practice in a small house next to the stump of a large oak tree. Since the area had no pharmacy, she opened one next door and stocked it with basic medicines.

But it seems that Evangelina had too big a heart to be a savvy businesswoman. With this idea she always has of wanting to help, this medicine dispensary never works because she gives everything away. Mercedes Fernandez again. She has no notion of basic economics. If you give something away, how are you going to pay for what you bought? I mean, you can't, you know?

I think because she was developing this commitment to public health and to addressing the concerns of those that couldn't pay, that it's a combination of kind of her principles and the fact that there wasn't a ton of resources there to pay her in the first place.

That's Elizabeth Manley. She's a professor of Caribbean history at Xavier University in Louisiana. She explains that Evangelina's efforts were making a difference in people's lives, if only in her little pocket of the world. And those efforts went beyond treating patients. She organized sanitation services in the village and encouraged residents to sweep in front of their homes. She did what she could to make up for the absence of government services.

At the time, the Dominican Republic was suffering from both political and economic instability. There had been a series of coups since the turn of the century, and the country was deep in debt. The U.S. had tried to mediate to protect its commercial interests in sugar production, but the unrest continued. The successive regimes had little capacity to invest in rural public health. For the time being, Evangelina settled into her quiet new life,

away from most of this turmoil. But out in the broader world, more trouble was brewing, and her country was about to get sucked in. In 1914, the First World War broke out in Europe, pitting Germany against France, the United Kingdom, Russia, and their allies. Of course, it wasn't the World War yet, and at first, the danger seemed a world away.

But a couple of years later, when the US began planning to enter the war on the side of France and Britain, the political instability in the Dominican Republic became a real concern. The US was worried that Germany might try to use the Dominican Republic as a military base. So, in 1916, they took the drastic step of invading the island, citing national security interests. But they had some other motives too.

One of the most important measures that the U.S. Marines instigated during the occupation was privatizing land. This is Robin Derby. She's a professor of Caribbean and modern Latin American history at UCLA. This is a time, you know, when there were important agribusiness interests which wanted to expand in sugar. And that area becomes a place where a lot of sugar corporations wanted to establish plantations.

That area was the eastern provinces, specifically the area around Ramon Santana, where Evangelina lived. And the ambitions of American agribusiness companies had massive ramifications for the people in Evangelina's community. There was no private property and land in the Dominican Republic before the U.S. Marines sought to privatize land. So people had what they called terrenos comuneros, which were basically land

Land was held by shares collectively among large extended clans. People who, over the course of generations, had seen themselves as having usufruct, as having squatters' rights. And I'm sure it was a violent process to evict them. And the man spearheading this violent process was named Rafael Leonidas Trujillo.

The same Rafael Trujillo, who would later seize control of the Dominican Republic and rule as a dictator for over three decades.

But in the 19-teens, he was a rising young officer in the newly formed Dominican National Guard, stationed in the eastern provinces and under the control of the United States. Rafael Trujillo really comes of age and comes to his moment being trained by U.S. Marines in the Dominican National Police Force, in the Dominican National Guard, so to speak. And that transforms his life.

That's April Mays, a professor of Afro-Latin American history, who we heard from in episode one. Here's Robin Derby.

One of his moves was ingratiating himself to the United States. He rose up through the Marines who rather liked him, in part because he learned to cut this profile as a very effective man of action. He proved himself to be very willing to, you know, implement cruel and unusual punishments and also go after peasants in revolt against U.S. military occupation.

There's little by way of actual records documenting Trujillo's actions in Ramon Santana at this time. There's not even a clear understanding of how the people occupying land bought by U.S. sugar corporations were removed. But an oral history gathered by one of Evangelina's biographers describes Trujillo and his men as, quote, simply killing people, whole families, in order to take their land. To Elizabeth Manley, this comes as no surprise.

There is no doubt in my mind that that man was ruthless from the jump. As soon as he had decided what his aspirations were and what the needs of the U.S. sugar interests were, I have no doubt that he would have been someone's Man Friday in terms of protecting those interests. According to her biographer, Antonio Zaglul, Evangelina witnessed some of these atrocities, and she was horrified.

It's not surprising that, from this time on, she harbored a deep-felt animosity towards her future ruler, an animosity that would later cost her dearly. But for the time being, as conflict raged around her, Evangelina kept working at her long-time goal, to save money to go study medicine in Paris. In the end, it took Evangelina a full decade to pull together the funds. Since her medical practice didn't pull in much, she tried branching out.

First, she wrote a book titled "Granos de Polen" or "Pollen Seeds". Part sociological treatise, part advice pamphlet for women, it was published in 1915 and endorsed by many of Evangelina's intellectual friends. But what she perhaps failed to consider was that the majority of Dominicans were illiterate at the time. And it didn't help that "Granos de Polen" wasn't the easiest read.

So, unsurprisingly, despite all the praise it received... The book is not as successful as she thought it would be because it's a bit complicated to read. Mercedes Fernandez. So this co-exotic idea she has of publishing a book and making money does not work out for her. When the book failed, Evangelina took up public speaking.

An article in 1918 in the newspaper Listin Diario gave this account. Quote,

Meanwhile, she also resorted to asking for donations from friends and benefactors, with her mentor and a Kaonas widower giving the biggest one. But Evangelina's travel fund still wasn't enough to get her to Paris. Finally, nearly 10 years after graduating from medical school, Evangelina got her big break. Here's April May's

The fact that she was connected to Ana Gaona and then also the ongoing legacy of her connection with the Nihe brothers, she still remained in kind of this orbit of these intellectual cultural groups in San Pedro. And when she asked, "Will you send me to Paris to study medicine?" The city council said, "We'll try our best, but yes, we'll do what is necessary." And that's what happened.

Endowed with a scholarship from the City Council of San Pedro de Macorís, Evangelina was finally ready to tackle the next chapter of her life. And that's how, in 1921, at the age of 42, Dr. Evangelina Rodríguez stepped onto the steamship for the first part of her journey to Paris. What happened next, after the break.

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When Evangelina first set foot in Paris in 1921, she entered a whirlwind.

It was just three years after the Allies' victory over Germany in the First World War, and Paris was entering a period known as "les années folles" - the wild years. The economy was booming and the cultural milieu and glittering nightlife attracted writers and artists from around the world, including Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí, Ernest Hemingway and James Joyce.

Performers like Josephine Baker graced cafes and cabarets, inspiring women to crop their hair short and ditch their corsets and long skirts for knee-length flapper dresses. Freedom was the order of the day, as was a certain debauchery. But according to her biographer, Antonio Zaglul, Evangelina wasn't one to be swept up in the never-ending party atmosphere of the roaring 20s. She was in Paris to study.

Here's Mercedes Fernandez. She's attending class and training at different hospitals and clinics. From what we know, she took courses with a famous French pediatrician named Pierre Nocourt, whose work focused on infant hygiene and nutrition. She also trained in obstetrics and gynecology at two different Parisian hospitals. One of those, the Baudeloc Maternité,

had earned an excellent reputation for having the lowest infant mortality rates in the country. Its previous director, a French doctor named Adolphe Pinard, was a pioneer of modern perinatal care. Pinard invented devices such as the fetal stethoscope, which let doctors listen to the baby's heartbeat. And he established the practice of routine pre- and postnatal exams to monitor the health of expectant mothers and newborns.

The contrast could not have been sharper with the Dominican Republic, where a pregnant woman might never see a doctor until the moment she gave birth. Evangelina eagerly took it all in. And at the same time, even as she focused on her specialization, she was also getting a broad view of the world around her.

Mercedes Fernandez. And she's seeing the difference in infrastructure between one country and the other. One thing was impossible not to notice. Families in France looked really different from the families Evangelina grew up around. For one, they had fewer children, around two per family on average, compared to five or more in the DR.

But the kids they did have were better cared for, in part thanks to help from the government. For example, a public health program called La Goutte de L'E, or Drop of Milk, distributed free cow's milk to infants and their mothers.

Social norms also help promote better hygiene. This idea that the sun is therapeutic, that physical exercise is necessary, and also this idea of prophylaxis, of the need to bathe and have good hygiene to avoid getting sick, to maintain health. She is seeing all these things in France.

But Evangelina didn't just come away from Paris with a new understanding of public health or sharper medical skills.

Here's Elizabeth Manley. It seems pretty clear that she was also radicalized in terms of her understanding of the world, of feminism, of the role of public health, of the role of sexual education. Because if you look at what she wrote in Granos de Polin, which was a fairly conservative tract that she will actually later kind of denounce, her worldview changes while she's there. Before Evangelina left for France...

The Dominican Republic had seen an uptick in prostitution following the arrival of U.S. Marines, and that had led to the spread of venereal diseases like syphilis.

Mercedes Fernandez again. She's very concerned because all these women who are prostitutes are not taking care of themselves. And by not taking care of themselves, they're getting sick and they're spreading venereal diseases to different individuals in the society. And in her book, Granos de Poling, Evangelina blamed the sex workers for that. She said,

She attacks prostitutes and sees them as a danger to society. She sees them as a negative force, something that has to be eradicated. When she comes back from France, she no longer feels that way. Paris had changed her. She sees that prostitutes are human beings who are part of society, and as such, they're people who maybe haven't had any other choice in life.

We don't know exactly what Evangelina saw or experienced in Paris that caused this change of heart. She may have witnessed France's very different approach to handling prostitution. Raffles were strictly regulated, and sex workers were subjected to mandatory medical exams. Meanwhile, their male clients were educated on the benefits of using condoms to limit the spread of disease. The French army even supplied soldiers with condoms during World War I,

Whatever the reason, Evangelina's mind was swimming with new ideas. She was no longer just thinking of healthcare as something that happened behind a doctor's door. She was seeing it as something that was woven into society, into homes and schools, into infrastructure, and yes, even into brothels. And she didn't have to wait until she was back home to start spreading these ideas there.

because in 1922, a radical new publication was launched in the Dominican Republic called Femina. Mercedes Fernandez. Femina was a very, very important magazine because it became a forum for discussing many issues related to Dominican women of the time, and it received correspondence from all over Latin America.

Femina's founder and editor-in-chief was a woman called Petronila Gomez, a former normalista teacher like Evangelina. The two had taught night classes at the same evening school for domestic workers years earlier. And it turns out, Petronila and Evangelina had a lot in common. Here's Elizabeth Manley.

They both came from families of lower economic status, not expected to do much with their lives. And they were both, you know, Afro-Dominican as well, both being kind of distinguished in that way of being educated. So I think they would have found kinship in each other. Petronila invited Evangelina to write dispatches from Paris for Femina. Just a handful of these have survived.

And to be honest, Evangelina still wasn't the best writer. Mercedes Fernandez. I have to say that when it came to Evangelina Rodriguez writing, that was never her thing. I think she was a woman of science.

But in her dispatches, Evangelina enthusiastically described the city's advanced approach to public health. She singled out programs like Drop of Milk, as well as another French public health program that sent poor city kids to visit the countryside for fresh air and sunshine. As far as we can tell from these dispatches, Evangelina was taking in a lot during her time in Paris.

But it's hard to imagine the daily life of this middle-aged Afro-Dominican woman walking the same streets of Paris as Picasso, James Joyce and Gertrude Stein. We just don't have that many details. We do know that despite all she was learning, it wasn't the easiest time for her. Reading between the lines of her enthusiastic descriptions of Paris, Mercedes also sensed a sadness.

and a loneliness coming through in Evangelina's writing. She describes an image where she sees a little bird in the sun, and then she has a moment where she admits, yes, I miss the sun. Yes, I feel lonely. So maybe what she's trying to say in this unveiled confession is,

is that that time in France was a time of learning, yes, but at the same time, it must have been a very lonely time. Still, she stayed there for almost four years. Then, in 1925, she decided to return home to bring her newfound knowledge back to her home country. U.S. occupation of the island had ended just a year earlier.

and the Dominican Republic had a new president, Horacio Vázquez, who promised to usher in a new era of peace and democracy. Back in the DR, many people seemed eager for Evangelina to bring her new knowledge back home. The San Pedro City Council even helped fund her return journey, and none celebrated the news of her return more than her friend Petronila Gómez.

Immediately, the first one to announce it, the first one to spell it out in capital letters, is Petronila Angelica Gomez, and she hails her as the woman of science who is going to return. She really shows a remarkable admiration for Evangelina. In 1925, Evangelina once again stepped onto a steamship for the reverse transatlantic journey home.

to her sorely missed Caribbean son. She carried the same battered suitcase with her clothes, but this time she also brought three trunks full of books. And based on Petronila's celebratory op-ed in Femina, she had every reason to expect a warm welcome at her return. Here was a highly trained doctor, determined to bring her new skills to improve health and well-being in her home country, and especially to help women. In fact,

She was in for a rude awakening. That's next week. This episode of Lost Women of Science was produced by Lorena Galliott, with help from associate producer Natalia Sanchez Loaiza. Samia Busid is our senior producer, and our senior managing producer is Deborah Unger. David DeLuca was our sound designer and engineer. Lizzy Yunan composed all of our music. We had Fat Check in Hell from Desiree Yepes.

Our co-executive producers are Amy Scharf and Katie Hafner. Thanks to Eyo and Berdner, our program manager, and Jeff DelVisio at our publishing partner, Scientific American. Our intern is Kimberly Mendez. Lost Women of Science is funded in part by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Ann Wachowski Foundation. We're distributed by PRX.

For show notes and an episode transcript, head to lostwomenofscience.org, where you can also support our work by hitting the donate button. I'm your host, Laura Gomez. Thanks for listening, and until next week. Hi, I'm Katie Hafner, co-executive producer of Lost Women of Science. We need your help. Tracking down all the information that makes our stories so rich and engaging and original is no easy thing.

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