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cover of episode How did our holidays become so 'corny'? Why do some words have accent marks in English? Cubby hole

How did our holidays become so 'corny'? Why do some words have accent marks in English? Cubby hole

2025/3/11
logo of podcast Grammar Girl Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing

Grammar Girl Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing

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Mignon Fogarty
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Randy
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Mignon Fogarty: 我是米格农·福加蒂,今天我们将讨论为什么我们会把食物称为“corned”(腌制的),例如corned beef(腌牛肉)。然后,我们将讨论为什么英语中有些单词带有变音符号。首先,我们来探讨“玉米”一词的演变。“玉米”这个词从古英语演变而来,最初指的是任何坚硬的种子颗粒,而不是仅仅指我们现在所知的玉米。在欧洲,“玉米”通常指当时当地主要的谷物,例如黑麦、大麦、小麦或燕麦。有趣的是,“玉米”和“谷物”这两个词实际上来自同一个词根“grano”。这个词在数千年前就存在于一种现已灭绝的语言中,这种语言被认为是日耳曼语系和意大利语系的祖先。在日耳曼语系中,它演变成了古英语的“corn”,而在意大利语系中,它演变成了拉丁语的“granum”。“granum”后来演变成了法语中的“grain”,然后在14世纪左右被借入英语。因此,英语中同时存在“grain”和“corn”这两个词。那么,为什么一个在英国仍然可以泛指任何当地谷物的词在美国却变得如此具体呢?这与美国早期的殖民者有关。他们到达新大陆后,食物供应常常不足,对种植作物知之甚少。如果没有像旺帕诺阿格人和波瓦坦人这样的土著居民提供玉米和农业知识,新英格兰和弗吉尼亚州的定居者可能会面临更糟糕的命运。1621年秋季丰收后,他们举行了为期三天的丰收节,现在这被认为是象征意义上的第一次感恩节。盛宴中肯定包括野禽和玉米粥,这就是为什么干玉米与秋季和丰收联系在一起的原因。这也是为什么火鸡和玉米面包馅料在感恩节中扮演重要角色的原因。至于它的名字,由于它是当地主要的谷物,玉米(来自阿拉瓦克语“maiz”)被殖民者称为“Indian corn”。一段时间后,这个名字保留了下来,去掉了“Indian”,说“corn”专指玉米在美国就变得像感恩节的手印火鸡一样常见了。糖果玉米出现得要晚得多,在19世纪后期,一家糖果公司的一名员工设计了一种玉米粒形状的甜食,当时农业主题的糖果形状很流行。例如,公司还生产南瓜、胡萝卜、西瓜、香蕉甚至腌黄瓜形状的糖果。糖果玉米最初被称为“鸡饲料”,因为干玉米是鸡的主要食物。直到20世纪,糖果玉米才有了新的名称。到20世纪50年代,糖果玉米已成为与万圣节相关的糖果。最后,回到“玉米”的旧含义,“corned beef”(腌牛肉)之所以这样命名,是因为它指的是用盐粒(称为“salt corns”)腌制肉的一种方法。这在东欧的犹太人中是一种常见的肉类保存方法。由于爱尔兰移民,特别是纽约的爱尔兰移民,从犹太洁食屠夫那里购买大部分牛肉,因此在19世纪后期,腌牛肉成为爱尔兰人在庆祝活动中的一种流行食物。移民们将这种肉与当时最便宜的蔬菜搭配在一起,形成了我们现在与圣帕特里克节联系在一起的腌牛肉和卷心菜组合。 Randy: 我从小在底特律附近长大,我们有一辆大众甲壳虫汽车,我小时候把后座后面的空间叫做“cubbyhole”,但现在我问其他人,他们都不知道这是什么意思。 supporting_evidences Now, for most of English's history, corn was used to refer to any hard seed particle, not just that of maize. This is why English has the word peppercorn, for example. This ancient word for grain or seeds existed in a now-extinct precursor language... Granum then developed into the word grain... Well, the American habit of using the word corn to only refer to the yellow-cobbed starchy vegetable... had indigenous peoples such as the Wampanoag and the Powhatan not provided maize and agricultural know-how... As for its name, since it was a dominant local grain, maize... Candy corn didn't enter the picture until much later... Finally, in a throwback to the older meaning of corn, corned beef is so named... I've been trying to trace this down for over 50 years. And when I say the cubbyhole, Everybody looks at me like they don't know what I'm talking about.

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  1. Why is it called "corned beef" when there’s no corn involved? We look at how the word "corn" evolved to mean different things over time. Then, we look at the role of accent marks in English — why some words keep them, why others lose them, and what they tell us about language.

The "corn" segment was written by Valerie Fridland, a professor of linguistics at the University of Nevada in Reno and the author of "Like Literally, Dude): Arguing for the Good in Bad English." You can find her at valeriefridland.com).

The "diacritic" segment was written by Karen Lunde, a former Quick & Dirty Tips editor and digital pioneer who's been spinning words into gold since before cat videos ruled the internet. She created one of the first online writing workshops, and she's published thousands of articles on the art of writing. These days, she leads personal narrative writing retreats and helps writers find their voice. Visit her at ChanterelleStoryStudio.com).

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