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cover of episode What’s wrong with "'til"? Why tiny words control conversations. How many cookies?

What’s wrong with "'til"? Why tiny words control conversations. How many cookies?

2025/3/25
logo of podcast Grammar Girl Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing

Grammar Girl Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing

AI Deep Dive AI Chapters Transcript
People
A
Allison Nguyen
B
Bob Holmes
C
Carl Borstel
K
Katie West
M
Mark Dingemans
M
Martina Wilczko
M
Mignon Fogarty
Topics
Mignon Fogarty: 我经常收到关于"until"、"till"和"'til"之间区别的提问。在指代一段时间后发生的事情时,"till"和"until"可以互换使用,但大多数风格指南都不建议使用带撇号的"'til",因为它在词源上是错误的,并且是近几十年才出现的用法。为了避免争议,最好使用"until",但使用"till"也没有问题。"till"作为动词和名词的词源与作为介词和连词的词源不同。 Bob Holmes: 日常对话中有很多语气词,如"mm-hmm"、"um"、"huh"等,它们虽然不传达具体信息,但却在调节谈话流程和达成共识方面至关重要。语言学家过去主要研究书面语,但录音技术的出现使得对口语的研究成为可能,发现语气词在日常口语中无处不在。延续词(如"mm-hmm")表示倾听者正在注意并鼓励说话者继续;而一些语气词(如"huh")则表示沟通失败,需要修复。不同的语气词可以传递略微不同的信号。延续词并非仅仅出于礼貌,它们对谈话的质量有重要影响。语气词有助于协商谈话规则,即所谓的“基础构建”,通过语气词,说话者和倾听者可以建立对彼此知识背景、信息共享程度等方面的共识。 Mark Dingemans: 语气词并非语言的“废料”,而是构成复杂语言的关键因素,颠覆了我们对复杂语言的认知。大约每七个语句中就有一个是语气词,它们在调节谈话流程方面起着重要作用。"huh"作为一种修复信号,在世界各地的许多语言中都存在。如果没有简单的语气词,我们可能就不会拥有复杂的语言。语气词不仅促进对话,还使语言能够“谈论谈话”本身,从而实现更复杂的语言和思维。 Carl Borstel: 延续词在不同语言中的表达方式不同,例如,瑞典语手语中,倾听者经常使用“yes”作为延续词,但会保持较低的姿势以避免干扰。语言之所以成功,是因为我们需要彼此互动,而语气词促进了这种互动。 Allison Nguyen: 不同的语气词可以传递略微不同的信号,例如,“mm-hmm”表示继续解释当前步骤,“well, yeah”或“okay”表示可以进入下一步。语气词在促进相互理解和对话方面起着重要作用。 Martina Wilczko: 一些语言(如普通话)明确区分了“告知新信息”和“告知已知信息”,而英语则主要依靠语气词来完成这项工作。语气词可以表明说话者对听者知识的判断,例如,“eh”可以表示信息对说话者而言是新的。许多语言都使用语气词来进行类似的交流,包括表达“我知道什么”、“我认为你知道什么”和“轮流发言”。正确使用语气词是流利掌握第二语言的关键,但语言教学往往忽略了这一点。语气词可以帮助区分人工智能与人类,因为人工智能难以熟练运用语气词。人工智能生成的对话中语气词的运用不够自然,就像AI艺术作品中手指数量不对一样,仔细观察才能发现问题。人工智能最大的缺陷在于缺乏对对话中“谁知道什么”的理解。语气词可以反映说话者的心理状态和人际关系。 Katie West: 我的朋友Fissy Ray喜欢在谈话中使用“mer”这个词,而我和家人则喜欢用“pure cheer, cry, cry”来形容情绪化的反应。

Deep Dive

Chapters
This chapter explores the grammatical nuances and stylistic preferences surrounding the words "until," "till," and "'til." It clarifies their interchangeable nature in certain contexts while highlighting the stylistic issues associated with using "'til."
  • "Until," "till," and "until" are equivalent when referring to a duration before an event.
  • Most style guides discourage the use of "'til" as it's etymologically incorrect.
  • "Till" and "until" have different etymological origins despite their similar spelling.

Shownotes Transcript

  1. Think "'til" is a valid alternative to "until"? Think again! We learn about the difference between "till" and "until" and why many style guides frown on "'til." Then, we uncover the hidden power of interjections—words like "um," "huh," and "mm-hmm"—and how they help us negotiate meaning, keep conversations flowing, and even challenge artificial intelligence.

The "interjections" segment was written by Bob Holmes, a science writer living in Edmonton, Canada and who until recently, had no idea how often he uses interjections. 

The piece originally appeared in Knowable Magazine, a digital publication dedicated to making scientific knowledge accessible to all. And they've produced a special standalone episode of their podcast about interjections, so if you want to learn more, check that out too. 

You can find their podcast and explore new articles at knowablemagazine.org).

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