cover of episode Unlocking Myeloid Dyplasias and Malignancies: Insights into Diagnosis and Treatment

Unlocking Myeloid Dyplasias and Malignancies: Insights into Diagnosis and Treatment

2025/2/10
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Gavin Nimon: 本期节目探讨了骨髓疾病的复杂性,包括骨髓增生异常综合征、骨髓增殖性肿瘤和急性髓系白血病,并邀请了Joanna Czajwinski医生进行深入讲解。我们涵盖了疾病分类、症状、诊断方法以及最新的治疗策略等方面。 Joanna Czajwinski: 我将对骨髓疾病进行分类,并解释其症状和诊断方法。急性髓系白血病的治疗方法包括强化诱导化疗和阿扎胞苷联合维奈托克疗法。慢性骨髓疾病的治疗方法包括支持性治疗、标准化疗、阿扎胞苷单药疗法以及异基因干细胞移植。此外,我还将讨论基因检测在指导治疗中的重要性以及骨髓疾病的未来研究方向。 Joanna Czajwinski: 骨髓恶性肿瘤产生大部分血液成分,起源于造血干细胞,然后分化为淋巴样干细胞或骨髓样干细胞,进而发展为慢性或急性疾病。骨髓增生异常综合征患者可能细胞数量不足(细胞减少症),剩余细胞功能异常,易出现免疫缺陷;骨髓增殖性肿瘤(如真性红细胞增多症和原发性血小板增多症)患者则细胞数量过多,可能导致出血或凝血功能障碍。急性髓系白血病发病迅速,症状明显,可能在发病前仅有1-2个月的前驱症状,常表现为反复感染。慢性骨髓疾病进展缓慢,常通过血液检查或其他检查发现。许多骨髓疾病,特别是骨髓增生异常综合征,是通过常规血液检查偶然发现的,症状可能轻微或不明显,如轻度贫血和疲劳。骨髓疾病的病因包括衰老、基因突变、辐射暴露以及某些药物。诊断骨髓疾病需要进行全血细胞计数和血涂片检查(尤其对骨髓增生异常综合征和急性白血病),流式细胞术可帮助确定白血病细胞的来源(髓系或淋巴系);此外,还需要进行肾功能和肝功能测试,以及骨髓活检以进行核型分析和基因检测。核型分析和基因检测通常在骨髓活检标本上进行,但对于一些无法进行骨髓活检的患者,也可以在周围血中进行基因检测以进行预后评估。除了骨髓活检和血液检查外,还可能进行CT或超声检查以评估脾脏大小,尤其是在骨髓增殖性肿瘤中。在制定治疗方案前,需要进行感染性疾病筛查(如乙肝、丙肝和HIV),以及检查肿瘤溶解综合征的指标(尤其在急性白血病中),并根据患者的年龄、体能状况和预后评分系统选择合适的治疗方案。肿瘤溶解综合征的早期指标包括血钙降低、血尿酸升高、血钾升高和血磷升高,严重时可导致肾衰竭和急性肺水肿,需密切监测并进行相应的治疗。进行感染性疾病筛查(如乙肝、丙肝和HIV)对于骨髓疾病患者至关重要,因为治疗会严重损害免疫系统,需要根据患者的感染情况调整治疗方案和预防措施。急性髓系白血病的治疗方案取决于患者的年龄和体能状况,70岁以下患者通常采用强化诱导化疗(“7+3”方案),而70岁以上患者则可能采用阿扎胞苷和维奈托克的联合疗法。强化诱导化疗(“7+3”方案)疗程为7天,患者通常需要住院一个月,并在治疗后密切监测感染等并发症。如果患者达到缓解(骨髓中原始细胞少于5%),则进行巩固治疗,高危患者可能需要进行异基因干细胞移植。异基因干细胞移植通常用于高危急性髓系白血病患者,但年龄和体能状况会影响其适用性。异基因干细胞移植需要高剂量化疗清除骨髓,然后移植来自供体的骨髓干细胞,移植后需要短期免疫抑制治疗,通常在6个月内停药。异基因干细胞移植后,患者的血型可能会发生改变。70岁以上急性髓系白血病患者通常采用阿扎胞苷和维奈托克的联合疗法,这是一种较温和的治疗方案,可用于老年或体弱患者,以及拒绝输血的患者。阿扎胞苷和维奈托克的联合疗法是一种长期抑制性治疗,而非治愈性治疗,目前正在进行临床试验以评估患者停药的可能性。羟基脲是一种口服药物,可用于减少细胞数量,但会引起贫血和血小板减少症,主要用于急性髓系白血病和急性早幼粒细胞白血病。急性白血病主要涉及粒细胞(主要是嗜中性粒细胞),但也存在罕见的急性红系白血病和急性巨核细胞白血病。急性早幼粒细胞白血病的治疗方案与急性髓系白血病不同,通常采用全反式维甲酸(ATRA)和砷的联合疗法,疗效显著,但需注意鉴别诊断综合征和DIC。急性早幼粒细胞白血病治疗初期风险较高,可能出现鉴别诊断综合征和DIC。急性髓系白血病比急性淋巴细胞白血病更常见,且随着人口老龄化,发病率有所增加。慢性骨髓疾病的治疗方法包括支持性治疗、标准化疗、阿扎胞苷单药疗法以及异基因干细胞移植。真性红细胞增多症的治疗方法包括放血疗法、干扰素和羟基脲。原发性血小板增多症的治疗方法包括血小板去除术和羟基脲。骨髓纤维化的治疗方法包括异基因干细胞移植和鲁索替尼。骨髓增生异常/骨髓增殖性重叠综合征的治疗方法与骨髓增生异常综合征相似。

Deep Dive

Chapters
This chapter introduces myeloid conditions such as myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and acute myeloid leukemia, highlighting their prevalence and common yet often vague symptoms like fatigue, infections, or unexplained bruising. It emphasizes the diagnostic challenges and the significant implications for treatment and prognosis.
  • Myeloid conditions affect thousands yearly.
  • Common symptoms include fatigue, infections, and unexplained bruising.
  • Conditions pose diagnostic challenges with implications for treatment and prognosis.

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This episode explores the complexities of myeloid conditions, including myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and acute myeloid leukaemia, with insights from Dr. Joanna Czerwinski. Host, Dr Gavin Nimon) (Orthopaedic Surgeon) interviews Dr Czerwinski about classification, symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and the latest treatment strategies for managing these conditions effectively.• Overview of myeloid conditions and their prevalence • Explanation of the myeloid stem cell line and its relevance • Classification of myeloid disorders: acute vs. chronic • Common symptoms and their diagnostic implications • Key diagnostic tests and investigations required • Intensive treatment approaches for acute myeloid leukaemia • Management strategies for chronic myeloid conditions • Importance of genetic testing in guiding treatment • Future perspectives on myeloid malignancies and ongoing research

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