Issue 71 – (Crypto) banks are not your friends
35:30 Share

I'm mollie White and you're listening to the audio feed for the citation ation needed newsletter deter. You can see the text version of the newsletter online at cite needed dot news. Issues seventy one crypto banks are not your friends, so seasons alex mission ski pleads guilty to fraud, some toronto cash sanctions are overturned and billionaire complain about the banking. This issue was originally published on december fifth twenty twenty four. For those of you in the united states, I hope you had a lovely thanksgiving.

I especially hope you didn't have to endure any he guessed who would read the various how to talk to your family about crypto this thanksgiving explainers from crapo media outlets, most of which sounded like some form of multilevel marketing indoctrinate ation manual with bullet points like, quote etfs have made cyp du investing simpler, safer and quote, cyp to could flourish further under trump. Could you pass the grave, grandpa, while I tell you about why elon musk brilliant scheme to optimize the government is named after a SHE? But I knew, seemed me mccoy.

Bitcoin has finish passed the one hundred thousand dollar mark, a highly anticipated milestone among bit coiners after surging past ninety thousand dollars post election IT was merely a question of how soon the token would hit the elusive number, the purchase of the president alleged. In many congress, people, while expensive, has already produced returns. Critical billion's have recouped their spending and then some in the courts.

Selsea alex mission ski, the cofounder and former CEO of the saleem ryba currency platform, has pleaded guilty in his criminal trial for fraud and market manipulation. If you need a recap, I wrote an overview of the company's collapse and an viewing bankrupcy examiners report in february twenty twenty three. The trial was set for a late january, and I was curious about how machine ski would approach IT.

Machine sky is sort of your classic conman, relying on his carma and ability to talk in circles to pass off his often highly exaggerated pronouncements, if not blatant lies, like claiming to have invented ized, finance, vote and uber, the combination of medication and mars. And reminds me of sam bank man fried, who remained convinced of his ability to talk his way out of his flood charges until and after his conviction and sentencing. Their similarities made me wonder if machine scheme might also take the stand in his own defense machines.

He seems to approve more willing than bank man fried to listen to the advice of his lawyers, and he agreed to this plea deal soon after fAiling to have two of the charges against him dismissed before going to trial. In exchange for a guilty plea to two of the seven charges, commodity fraud and security fraud, he will forfeit forty eight million dollars and face a maximum sentence of thirty years in prison, though he is likely to get less. As someone who writes a lot about crypto rodd, I see a wide range of reactions to them.

One, unfortunately, common reaction is to blame the victim to say they were greedy, purchasing sometimes unbelievably high returns, or that they should have known the risk, or that they somehow had IT coming for choosing to put money into crop. Do people commonly stereotype those who hold cyp do as archetypal cyp do brows, Young radosh ous tools, trying to get quick by being early enough to a pumped dump scheme that they can later tell everyone else to have fun staying poor from their super yachts? Reality, as is so often, is, is a lot more complicated.

Shortly after, as declared bankrupcy, susie's customers began writing letters to the bankrupcy judge, telling their stories and explaining how they came to have money in sales, and pleading for him to do everything in his power to return their, that I was struck by the diversity of the writers, Young people to retirees, america's europeans and people in developing countries, some who started with a pond of money to put into cypher o and others who scrape together their portfolios a dollar at a time. Some were financially savy the types of people you might have expected to have known Better. Others had no idea what they were doing.

But we're convinced, ed, to get into crypto by family or other trusted individuals. Many believed what selsea emission ski were saying and that the promises had to be true because U. S. Regulators wouldn't allow a company to blatantly lie to customers or run a scm machine ski who engaged directly with customers via weekly video, asked me anything sessions and even one on one phone calls, was viewed more as a trusted friend or financial advisor by many who really believed him when he said that he wanted everyone to be able to grow wealthy together using his platform, rather than lose money to banks and other financial institutions if he portrayed as the enemy.

Some recognized and accepted the volatility risk inherent to clipt of currencies like bitcoin in a theoria, but didn't think there was a risk that the crypto currencies they owned might disappear entirely. Others avoided volatile tokens, instead opting to keep their money in dollars or a dollar dominated stable coins like U. S, D.

C. They believe their sales IaaS account was essentially a very high yids savings account. And some even believed that IT had the same types of protection, including fdic depository insurance, as traditional banks.

Others didn't make assumptions, but instead relied on machine skeet's own promises of the company holiday seven hundred fifty million dollar insurance policy for its deposits. And then IT didn't engage in unsecured lending, both of which turned out to be lies. They believed machine ski when he said he was impossible for customers to lose their deposits.

While some say that people just have to be on high alert at all times and in every interaction for possible scams, the reality is that most people just don't expect companies to lie to their faces, particularly U. S. doma.

Zed companies that they expect to be under the watchful eye of regulators. Most people don't think twice about whether the bank they're signing up with is likely to collapse. And many people who encountered soucians didn't understand that sales was meaningfully different from a bank even as we reflect on sale us.

And the massive failures of not just financial regulators, but regulators like the F, T, C. Meant to prevent deceptive advertising, politicians are boasting about plans to hobble regulators and make them even less effective in fulfilling their Mandates. Should they succeed in these plans, perhaps some will react by putting their shields up, adopting the degree of suspicion, nearing paranoia that may be required.

And in every person for themselves world, without adequate regulators, more likely, countless Moore will continue to rely on regulators even in their absence, and be ruined because of IT. One bit of good news in the southeast stories is that creditors will likely be made substantially whole as a result of the bankrupcy with the kobita that some repayments take the form of stock in a new bitcoin mining company that has already been encountering some troubles. This is unequipped a good thing.

And the but about to follow is not to suggest otherwise, but a ton of people lost access to substantially all of their, say, wings when celsius collapse. More than two years ago, some letters to the bankrupcy judge referenced urgent medical bills, postponing plans like getting married or buying a home or needing to change career plans because they could no longer afford education, even if victims eventually receive full restitution. There is an enormous amount of damage and suffering during the intern period when companies like this go under, particularly amid the stress and uncertainty, if not knowing whether they will ever recover any assets at all.

Other criminal sentencing F, T, X is gary wong was sentenced to time served for his role in the F T X fraud, an outcome that was largely expected due to his substantial CoOperation with prosecutors. Wrong with the last defendant left to be sentenced among the five executives who were charged hether Russell kon Morgan will be taking in eighteen months hiatus from her burgeoning rap career to do prison time for her role in long during the funds her husband stole from the bit for exciting pt of currency exchange in twenty sixteen. Her husband illict stein earned a five year sentence last month shortly after her sentencing. Rosa con positive video on twitter announcing .

that I decided I will soon be telling my story, sharing my thoughts and telling you more about the creative and other endeavors i've been working on. Russell does all.

I'm beginning to think her plea agreement should have included a son of sam clause. Another cyp to currency mixer Operator Larry harmon of the helix tumbler has been sentenced to prison. He had assisted prosecutors in their case against the other recently sentenced mixer Operator, bitcoin fogs roman stirling, off for his co Operation and for shutting down he licks.

Two years prior to being arrested, harmon received three years in prison, a comparatively light to stirling oves twelve and a half years. He was also ordered to forfeit three hundred eleven million dollars in monetary assets and to forfeit four hundred million dollars and seized assets consisting of crap to real estate and monetary assets. His prison sentence will also be shorter than that of his brother gary, who is convicted of wires fraud and obstruction of justice.

And twenty twenty three, after using marries pass phrases to help themselves to seven hundred bitcoin, or around four point million dollars at the time. Shortly after Larry was arrested in february twenty twenty, after some of the bitcoin seized by Larry went missing, investigators found a photograph of the unemployed gary sitting in a bathtub full of around one hundred thousand dollars in dollar bills in a miami night club, which perhaps grew some suspicion, as IT happens, that miami nights b was called eleven, a popular bar among cyp to currency enthusiast and reportedly the first major U. S.

Club to accept bitcoin. F T X is ryan salem was apparently also a fan in october twenty twenty one, purchasing a one point one seven five million dollar condo in an eleven oil luxury building right next door. Also encysted currency mixer.

Prison sentences, russia sentence, demand to life in prison after courts determined he had Operated the notorious dark net marketplace, fifteen accomplices received eight to twenty three years for producing and selling drugs and Operating a criminal organization. This was somewhat unusual for russia, which generally doesn't interfere in cyber crime targeting those in non ali countries. A california judge ruled that members of the lido dw qualify as partners under the state's general partnership laws, meaning they cannot avoid liability for the those actions.

Downs have long proportion to be some sort of one weird trick. Lawyers hate for gania's to Operate without individual liability, but IT seems that reality is exposing them as when weird trick to ensure everyone is liable. Among those dim general partners in lighter s governing body are its investors, which include paradise in recent horror and drag and fly digital management in recent.

Horowitz is really peeved about IT with a lawyer of there is calling the decision a, quote, huge blow to decentralize governance. Cho IO will pay eleven million dollars to settle a class action lawsuit over the defunct aster's N F T project, which he heavily promoted before abandoning IT. In two youtube influencer, logan paul is facing even more allegations of cyp to currency insider trading, this time from the BBC.

After agreeing to an on camera interview, he sent a rather unconvincing look like to do the interview along with a group of people with magazine who began accusing the BBC. Hiring pedophiles after the interviewer asked to speak to the actual logan paul, as is his habit, paul threatened to sue the BBC for publishing their findings. Prosecutors charged five hackers who executed fishing and sim swap attacks that needed eleven million dollars from at least twenty nine victims, over half coming from a single victim.

They also allegedly stole intellectual property, trade secrets and personal information. The hackers were reportedly a part of the scattered spider cyber crime group that was likely behind the twenty twenty three hacks of the M G, M and scissors casinos in bankrupts. The south korean deliu platform, which suspended withdrawls in june twenty twenty three, has been declared bankrupt and will begin liquidation veo customers the equivalent of around one point seven five billion dollars in governments.

Tornadoes cash a fifth circuit ruling overturned the tions against torto cash crypto currency mixer smart contracts imposed by the united states treasury department's s office of foreign assets control, or o fac, in August twenty twenty two. The court apply that the smart contracts that comprise the tornado cash cyp to currency tumbler are, quote, not property because they're not capable of being owned and thus cannot be sanctioned by o fac. The ruling was carefully limited to the paci c tornado o cash smart contracts, which underwent trusted set up ceremony involving eleven hundred participants to make around twenty of the services smart contracts permanently immutable, able, unlike many smart contracts, these toronto cash contracts truly cannot be modified or controlled in any way, sort of said, changing how a theoria works.

And the court decided that this means they cannot be sanctioned. The verdict has been celebrated by cyp du enthusiast, who felt that old fax sanctions were an overreach. But if it's a Victory, i'm not sure it's a decisive one for one. I'm not really sure it's a cyp to versus anti cyp to fight to begin with.

So many in the industry have certainly portrait as one IT seems to me that the first rate is saying that, oh, at camp, sanction a program that is the lines of code telling a computer how to perform an action, and that they have to instead sanction of service that runs that program, or perhaps more precisely, an individual or business that runs a service that runs the program. This is a reasonable position, I think, aligned with the point I make in my privacy. Human rights in toronto cash piece from earlier this year about computer viruses.

But you can't sanctions this tornado cash smart contract, and you can't sanctions tornadoes cash are two very different statements. And the first circuit has said the former, not the latter. I suspect that ovc will continue to pursue sanctions against tornadoes cash. And the question then becomes how these sanctions are posed. I think one very real possibility is that o fax says, fine, if we can't sanction the code, will sanction the Operators of the computers that run the code.

That is, the release and validators that except transactions involving the tornado cash service, already more than half of the blocks added to the theory block chain or being created with release that sensor transactions involving sanctions, wallet addresses by validators that have taken a cautious approach when IT comes to the rather muddy water around blockchain sanctions and who can be prosecuted for violating them. There is also, of course, the possibility that the treasury department will look to congress to clarify its authority when IT comes to smart contracts. Well, this is certainly a crypto friendly congress.

I'm not sure if it's so cypher friendly that I would effectively Green light sanctions violations so long as they happen vioxx, pto, currency, rails. But hey, i've been wrong before. Finally, there's some question around the durability of the fisc cus decision.

An appeal in a separate case chAllenging o fax authority has been underway in the eleven circuit, leaving the possibility of a circuit split that could encourage supreme court review in regulators. A california judge rejected crackings request to appeal the finding that the S, C, C had, quote, adequate, alleged that crypto currencies traded on the platform or investment contracts subject to security laws. Basically, the judge didn't throw IT out as a completely implausible argument during the motion to dismiss stage and is allowing IT to proceed.

Now the judge is saying they need to just to move forward with the detailed analysis of whether the assets or securities, rather than continue to argue over whether they should do that analysis at all. Crackin had also previously tried to appeal the judge entire rejection of the motion to dismiss, which he also denied in a case brought by blockchain industry advocacy groups in texas, a federal judge rejected in C, C, rule change that broaden the definition of dealers to include trading firms performing substantial securities and government security trading. This would potentially include cyp to currency firms, much to their dismay.

And blockchain advocate groups condemned the change as quote and attempt by the S C, C to advance the agencies. Anti crp to the last ripples of the twenty seventeen crypto bubble are still being felt with A S C C announcement that some investors in the defunct bit clave crypto firm will receive a combined four point six million dollars in residuation. Bit clave was one of a string of companies that engaged in initial coin offerings, or I C OS offering, similar to initial public offerings or IP OS accepted the companies wouldn't need to submit to all that pesky S C C S.

scrutiny. IT didn't take terribly long before the S C C clarified that you can just put your IPO on the block chain and pretend it's not as security offering. But plenty of I C O S happened in the meantime during the twenty seventeen in I C O frenzy, bit claves raised twenty five point five million dollars from almost ten thousand investors in a period of thirty two seconds.

The S C C brought a number of cases regarding I C S during that time under the trumpet administration, with j. Clinton chairman, including one against bit clave, which was settled in twenty twenty, was an agreement that the company would return the twenty five point five million dollars, plus a little over three point million dollars in interest in penalties. That return has been proceeding very slowly.

IT seems that bit clave has only returned around twelve million dollars thus far, and this four point eight million dollar payout t is the first time investors will receive any portion of the restitution they are owed in political influence. Justin sun protection, if you're one of the shadiest players in the gypt of currency industry and you want to avoid mainstream press attention on your thirty million dollar bribe to the U. S.

President to lack via hcrm pt o currency grip, just spend another six million dollars on a concept art peace involving a real banana and then IT that stunt will enjoy no fewer than five new york times articles, plus a letter to the editor in the span of eight days, with not a single mention of the trump contribution. I will give Justin sans back story as briefly as I can, but i'm afraid I won't be very brief in twenty seventeen, chinese citizen and then resident Justin sun launched in I C O for his craon project, raising seventy million dollars. Only days after china banned I C O S and then fled the country he bought bit tore tried to turn IT into a cypher to currency company by merging IT with tron.

Shocking bit torrent executives realized that suns so called market making Operations were just battened insider trading. He did another I C O this time shopping around for a lawyer who would agree to write a letter he hoped would shield him from liability if he was later stood by the U. S. S. C. And he was, he bought the colony x script currency exchange from circle after circles attempt to turn IT from what a former employee called shit coin casino numero o into a legitimate Operation failed upon the realization that the lack standards, the whole selling point son promised to return IT to its original anything goes glory. At one point, screaming at an employee to quote, fake the K, Y, C.

Or customer verification documents to speed things up, he tried to declare as his own a pile of around three hundred bitcoin, or almost thirty million dollars at today's Prices that had been sent by polonia x customers to the wrong addresses when employees expressed concern about a potentially illegal activities on, reportedly replied, quote, what's the big deal? The worst thing may be that I will never come to the U. S.

anymore. And indeed, sun about citizenship in send kids and nevis. And maybe guinier saw he warmed himself into a role as ambassador granow a to the world trade organization, thinking IT would earn him diplomatic community and all of his activities.

IT doesn't. He did, however, granted the title of his excEllency, which he used enthusiastically until he was finally forced to admit, after first lying about IT, that he had lost the position when the party that appointed him lost power. Justin son has since a mass and even larger collection of companies, many of which he present, he doesn't own or control.

These include the whole be exchange, which he rebranded to ht x bit global, and the true USD stable coin project in september twenty twenty three, who bea slash H T X was hacked for eight million dollars in october twenty twenty three, true USD either lied about having no affiliation with a mysterious token called tea euro, or the true U S. D. Deployed was compromised in november twenty twenty three.

Polonius was hacked for over one hundred twenty million dollars less than two weeks later. Who will be slash H T X and its hca chain project were hacked for one hundred fifteen million dollars in may twenty twenty four. Crypto critics corner put out an episode presenting a rather convincing argument that Justin sun is in solvent.

They also outlined the incredible shadiness ss around his companies is so called proofs of reserves, including the fact that multiple of his company is seem to be counting the same pool of assets as reserves. The crypto community distrust son so much that in August announcement that bit global and the sun would be helping to manage custody for wrapped bitcoin caused a mass acidities from the token maker. Dao enthusiastically voted to stop accepting W B T C S collateral before changing their minds.

After receiving some assurance that didn't have as much influence over W B T C, management initially thought coin base announced their own rapped bit coin product to use instead and delisted W B T C crackin also announced their own wrapped bitt coin product. So all this to say, who Better for donal trump's world liberty financial to bring on as its newest s so called adviser? All IT took was just in sens.

Purchase of thirty million dollars worth of world liberty financial tokens, which appears to be about as battened and attempt to get out of the S. C, C. Cross hairs as the election spending by coin base, ripple and others.

I've mentioned world liberty financial disappointing sales in previous issues, and indeed, the project had only sold around twenty million dollars worth of the W F, I tokens in total until sun came along. So the thirty million dollar purchase from him certainly caught trumps attention. World liberty financial announced his advisory position in a tweet that described son, as is his preference, as merely an advisor to H.

T. X and a supporter of bittorrent. IT played up his attendance at the university of pennsylvania, which would have seemed like a bizarre thing to mention if IT wasn't so clear that IT was just an attempt by world liberty financial to downplay the sun is a chinese national.

Now our sun is telling reporters, quote, in terms of the friendly level for the cypher to business, I think we could even say the best to isdn tion is the united states. He's certainly hoping to make IT, so especially for his incredibly schedule brand of cypher business. Trump s political appointments trump has named former S, C, C commissioner paul atkins to replace gary gansler as S.

C, C. chairman. Atkins is more of an establishment figure rather than an outsider tasked with dismantling the agency from within, like some of trumps other recent selections. That's not to say he's likely to maintain the S C C S trajectories or anything close to IT, though he's strongly advocated for deregulate even before he left the agency to enjoy the revolving door and will no doubt enthusiastic ticals sign on to the trumpet regulatory agenda. And of course he loves crypto, co chairing the token alliance at cypher advocacy group, the digital chAmber since twenty seventeen.

Dennis kelleher, president of the financial reform non profit Better markets, described atkins as a quote, deregulations, ellet and industries cheering leader, who, as commissioner at the S. C. C from two thousand two to two thousand eight, supported deregulation that contributed to the devastating two thousand eight crash.

Trump is also reportedly considering another member of the digital chAmber for cftc chair founder and C E O parian boring. In my recent video on the cyp to industry's election spending, I quoted her statement that, quote, the crypto voter block has made its voice heard, and we now have a once in a generation opportunity to make the U. S.

The cypher capital of the world. I didn't realize at the time that he might have meant he would do so by taking over the agency that the industry hopes will be made its primary regulator and then ensuring its already limited resources to go after cyp dal fisons are spent on nothing of the sort. Her other credentials include executive producer on a movie called god bless bitcoin, which, quote, interviewed bitcoin experts and religious leaders to explain how bitcoin is a new money that would allow everyone to use the gift Scott gave and as a television inker on the american branch of the russian state controlled R.

T. News network. In other words, he is highly qualified for the role. Other rumer candidates in the running for the position or one of two currency, ftc commissioners, Caroline FM and summer mersenne, both have been friendly to the crypto currency industry and have more traditional backgrounds in law.

Compared to boring trump transition team lead and tethers enthusiast Howard, ltc seems to have been skipped over for the coveted treasury secretary role, with trump instead nominating scot basin for the spot lit. Next consolation prize is commerce secretary tasked with Carrying out trump s aggressive and potentially self destructive tariff agenda. Lutnick says he will divest from his trading firm counter for jerold, which owns a stake in tether custody es, a substantial portion of tethering reserves, and is currently in talks to have tether back counterfeits.

Geralds planned bitcoin ized lending program. However, this quote, divestment, apparently involves simply passing responsibility for the tether deal. Over to his twenty something sun, everything else tech bigg's favourite word recently has been the banking IT all kicked off with mark and reasons appearance on joe rogan show, which at some point morphed into a series in which joe rogan just makes a very surprised face and says, wow, for hours that is disgustingly wealthy and powerful guests as they complain about all the ways they're being disadvantaged and discriminated against.

D banking refers to when a bank shuts down a persons or a company's account or denies them when they try to open one. Andrew son also spoke about Operation choke points and obama era initiated to scrutiny banks doing business with sectors at high risk for money landed ring, including firearms. The initiative formally ended in twenty seventeen.

D banking is a real chAllenge for those affected by IT. In particular, sex workers are regularly to bank even those who Operate in the completely legal zones of sex work, like pornography or erotic dance. Companies in those areas also face banking access issues, as demonstrated by the events that LED up to only fans announcing and then quickly resending a beyon on adult content on their platform.

Similar issues have plagued the cannabis industry and more recently, propane stine activists who have lost access to financial services on platforms like venomous and go fund me when trying to aid those in gaza. However, Operation choke point has also become a popular conservative hobby horse, and the true history of the programme, scale, purpose, impact and ongoing existence is heavily exaggerated. Much of the exaggeration ation was seated by the gun lobby, which pushed overblown claims to portray a narrative where democratic lawmakers and bankers extra judicially discriminated against gun owners and dealers.

In february twenty twenty three bit, coiner in venture capitalist nick Carter published an article in pirate wires titled Operation choke point two point o is underway and cyp do is in its cross hairs. Its subtitle quote detAiling the byan admins coordinated ongoing effort across virtually every U. S.

Financial regulator to deny cypher firms access to banking services, laid out the thesis which he rather grossly decides constitutes red lining in recent, went even further to blame the consumer financial protection bureau's c fpb, an agency established post financial crisis to supervise a broad range of financial firms, including banks, fin tax lenders and so on. He even tried to pin the entire twenty twenty two crypto collapse on the banking and not I I don't know the massive fraud among companies that were leverage up to their eyeballs. These the banking grapes echoed after andreessen rogan appearance by other crypt to currency in fin tax executives sharing their deep banking stories are an egregious attempt by those profit ting from predatory financial practices to redefine plain consumer protection as red lining and discrimination.

IT is chAllenging to sympathy with billionaire like entries and horowitz winning the they or their portfolio companies were discriminated against for engaging in high risk, predatory or unlicensed practices when Tyler wrinkle VS complaints that, quote, I was the bank because i'm in crypto, as was gemini, for example, he conveniently forgot to mention the unbelievable risk that germany I was taking on in programs like its earn program, which would later go on to blow up to the tune of nearly one billion dollars. This so called the banking may even refer to demonize reported loss of bank accounts at J. P.

Morgan in march twenty twenty three after in failure, which seems like a reasonable choice for a bank when their client just lost a billion dollars in customer funds and was charged with violating financial laws. I have written before about the importance of the firewall between banks and the cypher currency industry and the crypto industry y's efforts to attack this firewall. Here is one such example in re.

Son's rogan appearance illustrates just how out of touch these billionaire are with reality. And the whole conversation is just one eyebrow raising claim after another. The icing on the cake was a tweet from Andrea in which he condemned, quote unconstitional tional directed administrative pressure applied by unelected croats and francine politicians with no due process, no transparency and no way to appeal.

He waited this only six days after the washington post reported his involvement with the elon muscled department of government efficiency. I don't remember mark and rison on my ballot, do you? The web three is going just great recap.

There were seven entries between november fifteen and december fifth, averaging points entries per day thirty five point four eight million dollars was added to the grist counter. The hook twa mean coin immediately crashed. And I hate that he made me read that a loud, the clipper decks suffered a four hundred fifty thousand dollar hack.

The cypher to exchange X T dot com suffered a one point seven million dollar hack, a thirteen year old rug pulled the cypher token and then faced retaliation. Around twenty million dollars in losses was reported by users of decks. Pulte finance was exploited for twelve million dollars, and solo labs lost and then recovered twenty five point five million dollars.

In the news, I spoke a rolling stone about the strategy behind the cyp to currency industries spending this election cycle, and what IT was they were hoping to buy. That was an article title. The crypto industry emerged as a political money death star in twenty twenty four.

The register wanted my thoughts on upcoming changes for the cypher currency industry as a result of trumps win encrypt. As new found representation in congress, we touched don topics including the story bitcoin strategic reserve and bitcoin industry attempts to Green up their image, among other things. That's all for now, folks, until next time.

This is Molly White. thanks. We're listening to this issue of the citation needed newsletter. To learn how to support my work, visit mollie White dott lash support. If you'd like to read the text versions of these episodes, sign up to receive the newsletter in your email, or support my work on a recurring basis, go to ca needed dot news.