Venice emerged between the 5th and 7th centuries as a refuge for settlers fleeing invasions by the Huns, Visigoths, and Ostrogoths. These refugees transformed the barren, marshy lagoon into a city, creating a safe haven and foundational myth of Venice.
Venice was a collection of small islands connected by bridges and reclaimed land, closely tied to the water. It lacked walls, relying on the lagoon for protection, which gave it a unique, almost isolated and otherworldly character.
The Doge was the elected head of state, often seen as the first among equals within the aristocratic elite. Despite grand ceremonial roles and imperial symbols, the Doge's actual power was heavily restricted and checked by the political elite to prevent any hereditary rule.
The Arsenal was a massive shipyard that occupied about one-third of Venice's urban space. It produced advanced ships, both commercial and naval, and had a large, highly skilled workforce. The Arsenal's efficiency and state control made it a key factor in Venice's maritime and economic strength.
Venice lost colonies like Cyprus (1575-76) and Crete (after a 23-year siege) due to the expansion of the Ottoman Empire and the shift in trade to the Atlantic. The Venetians were heavily in debt and their naval and shipping resources were outdated, making them vulnerable.
Venice managed stability through a complex archival system that recorded unrest obliquely, strong policing efforts, and a reactive political elite. The patricians absorbed demands from non-elite inhabitants and provided them with stakes in the system through jobs and charitable organizations.
Venice projected itself as a blessed, safe, and cosmopolitan city without walls. It emphasized its role in trade, crusading activities, and its perfect republican constitution, which balanced monarchical, democratic, and aristocratic elements. The city also used the symbol of St. Mark, the winged lion, to reinforce its religious and civic virtues.
Unlike the Roman Empire, Venice did not automatically make its conquered territories Venetian. Each colony had its own treaty and degree of integration. For example, Crete was administered by a Venetian Duke but retained local elites and Byzantine culture. On the mainland, cities often kept their law codes and local autonomy.
Current research focuses on Venice's relationship with the Islamic part of the Mediterranean and its environmental history. The city's unique interaction with its water environment and the influence of Islamic art and architecture are particularly fascinating.
Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the remarkable rise of Venice in the eastern Mediterranean. Unlike other Italian cities of the early medieval period, Venice had not been settled during the Roman Empire. Rather, it was a refuge for those fleeing unrest after the fall of Rome who settled on these boggy islands on a lagoon and developed into a power that ran an empire from mainland Italy, down the Adriatic coast, across the Peloponnese to Crete and Cyprus, past Constantinople and into the Black Sea. This was a city without walls, just one of the surprises for visitors who marvelled at the stability and influence of Venice right up to the 17th Century when the Ottomans, Spain, France and the Hapsburgs were to prove too much especially with trade shifting to the Atlantic.
With
Maartje van Gelder Professor in Early Modern History at the University of Amsterdam
Stephen Bowd Professor of Early Modern History at the University of Edinburgh
And
Georg Christ Senior Lecturer in Medieval and Early Modern History at the University of Manchester
Producer: Simon Tillotson
Reading list:
Michel Balard and Christian Buchet (eds.), The Sea in History: The Medieval World (Boydell & Brewer, 2017), especially ‘The Naval Power of Venice in the Eastern Mediterranean’ by Ruthy Gertwagen
Stephen D. Bowd, Venice's Most Loyal City: Civic Identity in Renaissance Brescia (Harward University Press, 2010)
Frederic Chapin Lane, Venice: A Maritime Republic (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973)
Georg Christ and Franz-Julius Morche (eds.), Cultures of Empire: Rethinking Venetian rule 1400–1700: Essays in Honour of Benjamin Arbel (Brill, 2020), especially ‘Orating Venice's Empire: Politics and Persuasion in Fifteenth Century Funeral Orations’ by Monique O'Connell
Eric R. Dursteler, A Companion to Venetian History, 1400-1797 (Brill, 2013), especially ‘Venice's Maritime Empire in the Early Modern Period’ by Benjamin Arbel
Iain Fenlon, The Ceremonial City: History, Memory and Myth in Renaissance Venice (Yale University Press, 2007)
Joanne M. Ferraro, Venice: History of the Floating City (Cambridge University Press, 2012)
Maria Fusaro, Political Economies of Empire: The Decline of Venice and the Rise of England 1450-1700 (Cambridge University Press, 2015)
Maartje van Gelder, Trading Places: The Netherlandish Merchant Community in Early Modern Venice, 1590-1650 (Brill, 2009)
Deborah Howard, The Architectural History of Venice (Yale University Press, 2004)
Kristin L. Huffman (ed.), A View of Venice: Portrait of a Renaissance City (Duke University Press, 2024)
Peter Humfrey, Venice and the Veneto: Artistic Centers of the Italian Renaissance (Cambridge University Press, 2008)
John Jeffries Martin and Dennis Romano (eds.), Venice Reconsidered: The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297-1797 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000)
Erin Maglaque, Venice’s Intimate Empire: Family Life and Scholarship in the Renaissance Mediterranean (Cornell University Press, 2018)
Michael E Mallett and John Rigby Hale, The Military Organization of a Renaissance State Venice, c.1400 to 1617 (Cambridge University Press, 1984)
William Hardy McNeill, Venice: The Hinge of Europe (The University of Chicago Press, 1974)
Jan Morris, The Venetian Empire: A Sea Voyage (Faber & Faber, 1980)
Monique O'Connell, Men of Empire: Power and Negotiation in Venice’s Maritime State (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009)
Dennis Romano, Venice: The Remarkable History of the Lagoon City (Oxford University Press, 2023)
David Rosand, Myths of Venice: The Figuration of a State (University of North Carolina Press, 2001)
David Sanderson Chambers, The Imperial Age of Venice, 1380-1580 (Thames and Hudson, 1970)
Sandra Toffolo, Describing the City, Describing the State: Representations of Venice and the Venetian Terraferma in the Renaissance (Brill, 2020)
In Our Time is a BBC Studios Audio Production .