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The Venetian Empire

2024/11/28
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In Our Time

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G
Georg Christ
M
Maartje van Gelder
S
Stephen Bowd
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Maartje van Gelder: 威尼斯起源于罗马帝国衰落时期,人们为了躲避战争和动乱而逃到亚得里亚海北部泻湖的沼泽地带,逐渐发展成为一个城市。其独特的地理位置使其免受陆地攻击,并依靠其泻湖系统和强大的海军力量发展壮大。威尼斯将自身塑造成罗马帝国的继承者,并通过与拜占庭帝国的联系确立自身身份。在中世纪和近代早期,威尼斯是一个繁华的商业中心,也是一个多元文化的城市,吸引了来自欧洲各地以及更远地区的商人、朝圣者和游客。威尼斯人相信圣马可的庇护对城市的稳定和繁荣至关重要,圣马可大教堂是威尼斯宗教和政治权力的象征,它将威尼斯与罗马的地位相提并论。威尼斯对社会动荡的处理方式在官方记录中被掩盖或淡化,但可以通过外国外交官的信件等途径了解到。威尼斯的衰落并非不可避免,但其商业基础的丧失和海上霸权的转移是其衰落的主要原因,这与葡萄牙人绕过好望角通往亚洲的新航路以及荷兰和英国东印度公司的兴起有关。威尼斯与地中海伊斯兰世界之间的关系以及威尼斯的环境史是当前研究中的两个重要主题。 Stephen Bowd: 早期威尼斯的统治充满了暴力和派系斗争,这与威尼斯人自诩的“最平静的”(Serenissima)形象不符。威尼斯的财富主要来自贸易,最初是木材贸易,后来扩展到与东方的丝绸、布料和其他商品贸易。威尼斯通过参与十字军东征和征服活动扩张其殖民地,例如克里特岛、马耳他等地。威尼斯总督的权力受到严格限制,但通过维持粮食供应和展现盛大的仪式来保持其民众支持。在14世纪开始扩张其大陆领土(Terraferma),以确保粮食供应。奥斯曼帝国的扩张导致威尼斯殖民地逐渐丧失,例如塞浦路斯和克里特岛。威尼斯共和国体制是复杂且具有争议性的,它既被视为一种成功的政治模式,也被视为一种衰落的贵族寡头政治。 Georg Christ: 威尼斯更像是一个“流氓贸易中心”(rogue emporium),而非一个独立的帝国,它通过连接多个帝国来维持其贸易利益,并通过与神圣罗马帝国、伊斯兰帝国和教皇国等多个势力周旋来维持其贸易利益。1204年对君士坦丁堡的征服是威尼斯殖民扩张的关键转折点。威尼斯对外宣传其稳定、繁荣和独特的共和国体制形象,强调其贸易的必要性,并通过参与十字军东征来提升其基督教形象。圣马可的狮身像作为威尼斯的象征,其影响力遍及前威尼斯帝国及其他地区,象征着自由贸易和共和价值观。威尼斯帝国的政治和社会结构,以及其独特的共和国体制,吸引了现代学者的关注。威尼斯独特的政治和经济模式,以及其与其他帝国和势力的复杂关系,为我们研究全球化和国际关系提供了宝贵的案例。

Deep Dive

Key Insights

How did Venice come into being?

Venice emerged between the 5th and 7th centuries as a refuge for settlers fleeing invasions by the Huns, Visigoths, and Ostrogoths. These refugees transformed the barren, marshy lagoon into a city, creating a safe haven and foundational myth of Venice.

What made Venice an unlikely setting for a city?

Venice was a collection of small islands connected by bridges and reclaimed land, closely tied to the water. It lacked walls, relying on the lagoon for protection, which gave it a unique, almost isolated and otherworldly character.

What was the role of the Doge in Venice's government?

The Doge was the elected head of state, often seen as the first among equals within the aristocratic elite. Despite grand ceremonial roles and imperial symbols, the Doge's actual power was heavily restricted and checked by the political elite to prevent any hereditary rule.

How did the Venetian Arsenal contribute to the city's power?

The Arsenal was a massive shipyard that occupied about one-third of Venice's urban space. It produced advanced ships, both commercial and naval, and had a large, highly skilled workforce. The Arsenal's efficiency and state control made it a key factor in Venice's maritime and economic strength.

Why did Venice lose its colonies in the 16th and 17th centuries?

Venice lost colonies like Cyprus (1575-76) and Crete (after a 23-year siege) due to the expansion of the Ottoman Empire and the shift in trade to the Atlantic. The Venetians were heavily in debt and their naval and shipping resources were outdated, making them vulnerable.

How did Venice manage to stay stable despite internal unrest?

Venice managed stability through a complex archival system that recorded unrest obliquely, strong policing efforts, and a reactive political elite. The patricians absorbed demands from non-elite inhabitants and provided them with stakes in the system through jobs and charitable organizations.

What image did Venice project to the world during its peak?

Venice projected itself as a blessed, safe, and cosmopolitan city without walls. It emphasized its role in trade, crusading activities, and its perfect republican constitution, which balanced monarchical, democratic, and aristocratic elements. The city also used the symbol of St. Mark, the winged lion, to reinforce its religious and civic virtues.

What was unique about Venice's relationship with its colonies?

Unlike the Roman Empire, Venice did not automatically make its conquered territories Venetian. Each colony had its own treaty and degree of integration. For example, Crete was administered by a Venetian Duke but retained local elites and Byzantine culture. On the mainland, cities often kept their law codes and local autonomy.

What are some current themes in Venetian historical research?

Current research focuses on Venice's relationship with the Islamic part of the Mediterranean and its environmental history. The city's unique interaction with its water environment and the influence of Islamic art and architecture are particularly fascinating.

Shownotes Transcript

Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the remarkable rise of Venice in the eastern Mediterranean. Unlike other Italian cities of the early medieval period, Venice had not been settled during the Roman Empire. Rather, it was a refuge for those fleeing unrest after the fall of Rome who settled on these boggy islands on a lagoon and developed into a power that ran an empire from mainland Italy, down the Adriatic coast, across the Peloponnese to Crete and Cyprus, past Constantinople and into the Black Sea. This was a city without walls, just one of the surprises for visitors who marvelled at the stability and influence of Venice right up to the 17th Century when the Ottomans, Spain, France and the Hapsburgs were to prove too much especially with trade shifting to the Atlantic.

With

Maartje van Gelder Professor in Early Modern History at the University of Amsterdam

Stephen Bowd Professor of Early Modern History at the University of Edinburgh

And

Georg Christ Senior Lecturer in Medieval and Early Modern History at the University of Manchester

Producer: Simon Tillotson

Reading list:

Michel Balard and Christian Buchet (eds.), The Sea in History: The Medieval World (Boydell & Brewer, 2017), especially ‘The Naval Power of Venice in the Eastern Mediterranean’ by Ruthy Gertwagen

Stephen D. Bowd, Venice's Most Loyal City: Civic Identity in Renaissance Brescia (Harward University Press, 2010)

Frederic Chapin Lane, Venice: A Maritime Republic (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973)

Georg Christ and Franz-Julius Morche (eds.), Cultures of Empire: Rethinking Venetian rule 1400–1700: Essays in Honour of Benjamin Arbel (Brill, 2020), especially ‘Orating Venice's Empire: Politics and Persuasion in Fifteenth Century Funeral Orations’ by Monique O'Connell

Eric R. Dursteler, A Companion to Venetian History, 1400-1797 (Brill, 2013), especially ‘Venice's Maritime Empire in the Early Modern Period’ by Benjamin Arbel

Iain Fenlon, The Ceremonial City: History, Memory and Myth in Renaissance Venice (Yale University Press, 2007)

Joanne M. Ferraro, Venice: History of the Floating City (Cambridge University Press, 2012)

Maria Fusaro, Political Economies of Empire: The Decline of Venice and the Rise of England 1450-1700 (Cambridge University Press, 2015)

Maartje van Gelder, Trading Places: The Netherlandish Merchant Community in Early Modern Venice, 1590-1650 (Brill, 2009)

Deborah Howard, The Architectural History of Venice (Yale University Press, 2004)

Kristin L. Huffman (ed.), A View of Venice: Portrait of a Renaissance City (Duke University Press, 2024)

Peter Humfrey, Venice and the Veneto: Artistic Centers of the Italian Renaissance (Cambridge University Press, 2008)

John Jeffries Martin and Dennis Romano (eds.), Venice Reconsidered: The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297-1797 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000)

Erin Maglaque, Venice’s Intimate Empire: Family Life and Scholarship in the Renaissance Mediterranean (Cornell University Press, 2018)

Michael E Mallett and John Rigby Hale, The Military Organization of a Renaissance State Venice, c.1400 to 1617 (Cambridge University Press, 1984)

William Hardy McNeill, Venice: The Hinge of Europe (The University of Chicago Press, 1974)

Jan Morris, The Venetian Empire: A Sea Voyage (Faber & Faber, 1980)

Monique O'Connell, Men of Empire: Power and Negotiation in Venice’s Maritime State (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009)

Dennis Romano, Venice: The Remarkable History of the Lagoon City (Oxford University Press, 2023)

David Rosand, Myths of Venice: The Figuration of a State (University of North Carolina Press, 2001)

David Sanderson Chambers, The Imperial Age of Venice, 1380-1580 (Thames and Hudson, 1970)

Sandra Toffolo, Describing the City, Describing the State: Representations of Venice and the Venetian Terraferma in the Renaissance (Brill, 2020)

In Our Time is a BBC Studios Audio Production .