专访何包钢：中国政治改革从希望到绝望，为何又提暴力革命？ - 1月 04日,2025年
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Why does He Baogang believe that non-violent resistance is the better path for China's democratic transformation?
He Baogang argues that non-violent resistance is more effective for building a civic society and fostering socio-political cultural change. Based on his 20-30 years of research on rural democratic politics in China, he observes that reform has yielded tangible results. Non-violent methods align with democratic principles and avoid the cycle of replacing one tyranny with another, which often results from violent revolutions.
What is the 'vicious cycle' He Baogang identifies in China's democratic path?
He Baogang describes a 'vicious cycle' where non-violent methods fail to dismantle authoritarianism, while violent revolutions often lead to new forms of dictatorship. This creates a paradox: non-violence cannot remove tyranny, but violence only perpetuates it, resulting in a cyclical pattern of authoritarian rule.
What historical examples does He Baogang cite to support non-violent resistance?
He Baogang cites India's independence movement led by Gandhi, Taiwan's non-violent resistance in the 1970s, and the Philippines' People Power Revolution as successful examples of non-violent resistance leading to democratic transitions. These cases demonstrate that non-violent methods can effectively challenge authoritarian regimes and foster democratic change.
Why does He Baogang argue that violent revolution is less feasible in the 21st century?
He Baogang points out that modern authoritarian regimes possess advanced military technology, such as nuclear weapons, which makes violent revolution nearly impossible. The state's overwhelming power and control over resources effectively block any armed uprising, making non-violent resistance a more viable option for democratic change.
What role does He Baogang believe the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) plays in China's political stability?
He Baogang argues that the CCP is central to maintaining China's political stability. Given its control over resources and societal structure, any attempt to overthrow the CCP could lead to chaos and fragmentation. Instead, he suggests that gradual reforms within the existing system, under pressure from protests and civil resistance, are more realistic for achieving democratic progress.
How does He Baogang view the impact of failed revolutions on democratic transitions?
He Baogang sees failed revolutions as potentially beneficial for democratic transitions. He cites historical examples, such as the English Civil War, where failed uprisings pressured rulers to make concessions, leading to gradual democratic reforms. In China, he suggests that failed protests, like the 1989 Tiananmen movement, could similarly force the CCP to adopt incremental changes.
What does He Baogang identify as a key factor in the success of non-violent resistance?
He Baogang emphasizes that non-violent resistance aligns with the core principles of democracy, such as resolving conflicts through elections and legal mechanisms. Unlike violent methods, non-violence fosters a culture of compromise and dialogue, which is essential for building sustainable democratic institutions.
Why does He Baogang believe that China's political culture is slowly changing despite authoritarian control?
He Baogang observes that grassroots democratic practices, such as rural budget participation and local consultations, are gradually transforming China's political culture. While these changes are subtle and slow, they indicate a shift toward greater citizen engagement and accountability, which could pave the way for broader democratic reforms in the future.
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