Putin used Syria as a proving ground for generals and to test new weapons, gaining operational experience that has been applied in Ukraine.
Putin saw an opportunity to prop up Assad, who was under significant pressure, and to gain other opportunistic benefits, such as testing and marketing new weaponry.
The Russian military has demonstrated an inability to orchestrate all necessary assets in time and space, a failure attributed to inadequate leadership and lack of agility.
Syria presents an additional logistics headache for Putin, as Russia's stockpiles of munitions are reducing, and air-delivered munitions, crucial in Syria, are harder to produce.
Lord Richards felt Ukraine was at its high water mark in 2022 and should have negotiated then, as Russia's resolve was underestimated, and continuing the fight only prolonged the conflict without a clear victory for Ukraine.
As Russian military power is utilised to defend Syrian President Assad, we ask what benefit Vladimir Putin has had from almost a decade fighting there. Former British Army Major General explains how he's gained, and why he might now lose, from a continued presence there.
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