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cover of episode Space Policy Edition: The Myth of Presidential Leadership

Space Policy Edition: The Myth of Presidential Leadership

2024/12/13
logo of podcast Planetary Radio: Space Exploration, Astronomy and Science

Planetary Radio: Space Exploration, Astronomy and Science
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Casey Dreyer
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Jack Carelli
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Casey Dreyer: 本期节目讨论了1997年出版的《太空飞行与总统领导的神话》一书，该书探讨了总统领导在太空探索中的作用，以及这种作用在不同时期可能发生的改变。书中指出，人们普遍认为总统的领导作用对于太空探索至关重要，这源于肯尼迪总统的“登月计划”。然而，阿波罗计划的成功并非仅仅依赖于总统的领导，而是多种历史因素共同作用的结果。自9·11事件以来，总统权力得到了显著扩张，这与这本书中对总统权力的描述存在差异。尽管总统权力有所增强，但美国太空政策仍然很大程度上受到国会的塑造。总统的宣言虽然能够带来短暂的兴奋，但要实现长期目标，还需要一个漫长而复杂的过程。总统的高调宣传可能会适得其反，导致政治对抗。成功的太空计划需要总统的远见和国会的支持。 Jack Carelli: 这本书是太空政策领域经典的必读书目，它对总统在太空政策中的作用进行了评估。这本书颠覆了人们对总统在太空政策中作用的传统认知，指出成功的太空政策并非仅仅依赖于总统的个人意愿和演讲。成功的太空政策需要多方因素共同作用，而非仅仅依靠总统的个人魅力和演讲。成功的太空政策需要政府各个部门、国会以及国际合作的共同努力。总统的演讲固然重要，但它只是成功太空政策的众多因素之一。人们倾向于将事件简单化，认为单一因素导致了结果，而忽略了其他复杂因素的作用。书中“神话”一词并非指虚假，而是指总统领导在太空探索中的叙事性作用。总统领导在太空探索中的叙事性作用具有诱惑力，但它掩盖了太空探索的复杂性。许多人希望总统能够像肯尼迪总统那样推动太空探索，但这种期望可能是不现实的。里根和老布什总统都曾试图效仿肯尼迪总统，但他们的努力都未能完全成功。阿波罗计划的成功并非仅仅依赖于总统的领导，而是多种历史因素共同作用的结果。民主国家的政策制定过程远比人们想象的复杂，这与人们对政治的理想化认知存在差异。奥巴马总统的“登月计划”也表明，政府政策的成功并非仅仅依靠总统的个人意愿和宣言。成功的政府政策需要多方因素共同作用，包括国会领导、国防部门以及国际因素等。自肯尼迪总统以来，每位总统都试图在太空政策上留下自己的印记，但特朗普总统除外。拜登总统公布詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜的首批图像，也可能被视为一次重要的宣言时刻。总统在太空政策上的宣言，也反映了其政府的整体目标和价值观。总统的宣言虽然能够带来短暂的兴奋，但要实现长期目标，还需要一个漫长而复杂的过程。尽管总统权力有所增强，但美国太空政策仍然很大程度上受到国会的塑造。尽管特朗普政府采取了多项行政行动，但美国太空政策仍然受到国会的很大影响。木卫二号探测器的发射表明，国会对太空政策仍具有重要影响。尽管总统权力有所增强，但太空政策并非总是由总统主导。国会对太空政策的制定仍具有重要影响，尤其是在总统与国会两党分歧的情况下。国会对太空政策的授权减少，这表明国会权力有所下降。国会对太空政策的授权减少，这表明国会权力有所下降。国会对太空政策的授权减少，这表明国会权力有所下降。国会权力下降，导致行政权力相对增强，但行政权力也存在局限性。行政权力虽然集中，但其有效性受到任期限制。阿波罗计划的成功也受到偶然因素的影响，例如肯尼迪总统遇刺。国会拨款对太空计划的持续性具有重要作用。国会拨款报告对太空计划的持续性具有重要作用。1976年预算法案要求政府必须使用国会拨款的资金，这限制了行政部门的权力。利益相关者的努力对太空计划的持续性具有重要作用。阿耳忒弥斯计划的成功，表明国会对太空计划的支持至关重要。成功的太空计划需要总统的远见和国会的支持。阿耳忒弥斯计划的成功，表明国会对太空计划的支持至关重要。阿耳忒弥斯计划的成功，表明国会对太空计划的支持至关重要。总统领导在太空计划中的作用，以及其局限性。总统领导在太空计划中的作用，以及其局限性。总统的高调宣传可能会适得其反，导致政治对抗。总统的高调宣传可能会适得其反，导致政治对抗。党派政治对太空政策的影响。党派政治对太空政策的影响。党派政治对太空政策的影响。党派政治对太空政策的影响。对1994年大选的看法，以及对未来政治环境的预测。尽管党派政治日益严重，但太空政策仍然存在两党共识。党派政治对太空政策的影响，以及地方利益对太空政策的影响。2010年授权法案对阿耳忒弥斯计划的影响，以及现任NASA局长对太空政策的影响。商业载货和商业载人计划对太空政策的影响。2010年授权法案对太空政策的长期影响。商业太空活动的兴起对太空政策的影响。总统领导对太空计划启动的重要性，以及国会对太空计划持续性的重要性。

Deep Dive

Key Insights

Why is the book 'Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership' still relevant today?

The book, published in 1997, examines the role of presidential leadership in space policy and how the success of Apollo created unrealistic expectations. It remains relevant as it highlights the complexities of space policy beyond presidential speeches, a lesson that is still applicable today, especially with the evolving powers of the presidency since its publication.

How has presidential authority changed since the publication of 'Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership'?

Since the book's publication in 1997, presidential authority has expanded significantly, particularly after the 9/11 attacks. Presidents like George W. Bush and subsequent leaders have asserted novel interpretations of executive power, often acting without congressional authority, which was not considered in the book's original context.

What role does Congress play in space policy despite the growing executive power?

Congressional involvement remains crucial in space policy, as evidenced by the success of missions like Europa Clipper, which was spearheaded by specific members of Congress. Despite the executive's growing power, Congress still holds the purse strings and can influence or block projects through appropriations.

Why is the concept of an 'imperial presidency' problematic for long-term space initiatives?

An imperial presidency, which centralizes power in the executive branch, can lead to inconsistent and variable space policies between administrations. While a strong executive can start initiatives, long-term success requires coalition-building and congressional buy-in, which an imperial approach may undermine.

How does the Artemis program exemplify the balance between presidential leadership and congressional support?

The Artemis program, which aims to return humans to the moon, was initiated by the Trump administration but has survived due to congressional support and international partnerships. It demonstrates that while presidential leadership can start ambitious projects, sustained success requires broader coalitions and legislative backing.

What is the significance of the 'impoundments clause' in the context of space policy?

The impoundments clause, which allows the president to stop funding for specific projects, represents a radical expansion of executive power. In the context of space policy, it could enable a president to halt ongoing projects without congressional approval, potentially disrupting long-term initiatives like Artemis.

How does the commercial space sector's growth impact the traditional model of space policy?

The rise of the commercial space sector introduces a new dynamic, where efficiency and private-sector approaches challenge traditional, coalition-driven models. This shift reflects a desire for decisive leadership akin to CEOs in private companies, but it also raises questions about the sustainability of such models in the long term.

What is the 'Day of Action' event, and why is it important for space policy advocacy?

The Day of Action is an annual event where Planetary Society members gather in Washington, D.C., to advocate for space exploration and policy. It is crucial for influencing lawmakers and ensuring that space initiatives receive the necessary funding and support from Congress.

Shownotes Transcript

For over half a century, space advocates and presidents alike have tried to recreate the JFK moment of calling on the country to send a man to Moon — but is this a mistake? The classic book Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership argued that it is, and by focusing on presidential power alone advocates set up these initiatives to fail.  However, in the decades since its publication, presidential authority has dramatically expanded. In this episode, we examine this tension: Did the success of Apollo create a false expectation about the role of presidential leadership in spaceflight? How can a president most effectively set new long-term goals for NASA? Discover more at: https://www.planetary.org/planetary-radio/myth-of-presidential-leadership)

 

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