cover of episode Do trade deficits matter?

Do trade deficits matter?

2025/4/9
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James Surowiecki
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Kenneth Rogoff
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James Surowiecki: 我发现美国政府对印尼征收的32%关税,其计算方法并非基于印尼对美国商品的实际关税率,而是与贸易逆差有关。我检查了印尼、韩国和越南的关税计算,发现这些数字与这些国家实际对美国商品征收的关税率严重不符。印尼对美国商品的实际关税率远低于政府公布的数字,政府公布的数字不合理。通过计算美国与其他国家的进出口贸易差额,我发现美国政府新关税的计算方法是将贸易逆差除以商品进口额。 Don Randall: 我想知道贸易逆差是否重要,它对美国经济意味着什么?贸易逆差是否如同个人账户赤字一样具有负面后果?其他国家是否真的在占美国的便宜? Kenneth Rogoff: 国家间的贸易逆差是正常的,因为不同国家生产和需求不同的商品和服务。美国在服务业领域拥有贸易顺差,这弥补了在商品贸易上的逆差。国际贸易中,国家不必在彼此之间保持贸易平衡,可以专注于自身优势领域。美国政府试图消除所有双边贸易逆差的做法是不合理的。对所有国家征收关税并非完全没有逻辑,但其方法不合理。美国政府对所有国家征收关税的做法,忽略了发展中国家的经济状况。贸易逆差导致的美元流入外国,最终会以投资的形式回流美国经济。美国经济的强劲增长,部分原因是外国对美国的投资。除非贸易逆差规模巨大且急剧增加,否则其影响相对较小。2005年左右贸易逆差的急剧增加,其根本原因在于外国投资流入美国资产市场。 节目主持人: 贸易逆差是否重要,以及总统为什么要努力消除贸易逆差,是听众最关心的问题。美国自20世纪70年代末以来一直存在全球贸易逆差,这是否对经济有害?评估贸易逆差的利弊,需要考察美元流向以及投资方向。评估贸易逆差的利弊,需要考察政府和企业如何使用外国投资的资金。贸易逆差本身并非好坏的绝对指标,其利弊取决于其背后的原因。美国贸易逆差部分原因是消费水平高,以及外国对美国投资的意愿强烈。贸易逆差可以作为诊断工具,帮助判断经济状况。贸易逆差导致廉价进口商品冲击美国制造业,造成就业岗位流失。

Deep Dive

Chapters
This chapter explores the concept of trade deficits, using the example of tariffs imposed on Indonesian coffee. It investigates the calculation methods used by the Trump administration to determine tariff rates and reveals inconsistencies in their approach.
  • Trump administration's tariffs on Indonesian coffee, 32%
  • Inconsistencies in tariff calculations
  • Focus on trade deficits in tariff calculations

Shownotes Transcript

At the heart of President Trump's tariffs is this idea that we should not be buying more from other countries than they are buying from us. Basically, he wants to get rid of the trade deficit. And in the wake of the tariff announcement we got a LOT of questions from listeners about what that means. Do trade deficits matter? Is it bad to have a trade deficit? Are we getting ripped off? Today on the show – we tackle those questions. *This episode of Planet Money was produced by Emma Peaslee and edited by Marianne McCune and Kenny Malone. It was fact checked by Sarah McClure and engineered by Kwesi Lee. Alex Goldmark is our executive producer. Find more Planet Money: Facebook) / Instagram) / TikTok) / Our weekly Newsletter).Listen free at these links: Apple Podcasts), Spotify), the NPR app) or anywhere you get podcasts.Help support Planet Money and hear our bonus episodes by subscribing to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts) or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney).Music: NPR Source Audio - "The Westerners," "Liquid Courage," and "Blazed and Emboldened" *Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoices)NPR Privacy Policy)