cover of episode Tariffs: What are they good for?

Tariffs: What are they good for?

2025/4/2
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Ha-Joon Chang
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Judy Shelton
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Mark Summerlin
旁白
知名游戏《文明VII》的开场动画预告片旁白。
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旁白: 关税是进口税,主要由消费者承担。长期以来,经济学家普遍认为关税不利于自由贸易,自由贸易能促进全球经济增长。但自由贸易也存在权衡取舍,一些经济学家认为,自由贸易有时会阻碍国家发展,而保护主义有助于国家富强。 在国家安全和应对不公平贸易行为方面,关税也有一定的作用。关税可以作为一种工具来平衡竞争环境,保护国家关键产业。 特朗普政府认为自由贸易的成本过高,损害了美国社区的利益,因此主张使用关税来纠正贸易逆差,并恢复制造业就业岗位。他们认为与中国的贸易是不公平的,关税可以纠正贸易逆差,并带来制造业就业岗位。他们愿意接受更高的物价,以换取制造业就业岗位的回归,因为制造业就业岗位对中产阶级具有重要意义。 关税可以增加政府收入,有助于平衡政府预算。但关税收入可能会被其他支出抵消,例如对受贸易报复影响的农民的补贴。对进口汽车征收关税,旨在鼓励美国人购买美国制造的汽车,但此举可能会导致汽车价格上涨。对洗衣机征收关税虽然创造了就业岗位,但其成本过高。 美国利用其经济实力作为杠杆,在贸易谈判中争取自身利益。美国曾试图利用自由贸易来促进其他国家的民主化,但现在则利用贸易政策作为地缘政治工具。美国现在不再将自由贸易作为促进其他国家民主化的工具,而是将其作为一种施压手段,以达到其政治目标。 Ha-Joon Chang: 韩国现代汽车的成功案例证明了幼稚产业保护政策的有效性。通过关税等保护措施扶持新兴产业,使其发展壮大,最终能够在国际竞争中立于不败之地。但这种政策需要是暂时的,否则就会浪费纳税人的钱和社会资源。要成功地将新兴产业培养成强大的产业,除了关税保护,还需要政府补贴和其他支持措施。 Mark Summerlin: 中国加入世界贸易组织后,对美国制造业就业岗位造成了巨大冲击,而这些就业岗位并没有得到恢复。特朗普政府利用关税作为一种施压手段,例如在与哥伦比亚的遣返问题上。 Judy Shelton: 关税可以激励美国人购买美国制造的产品,从而促进国内制造业发展。关税可以增加政府收入,有助于平衡政府预算。

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What are tariffs good for?For years, mainstream economists have basically said: tariffs are not good. They are an import tax paid by consumers, they've said, and they discourage free trade, and we want more! Because free trade has broadly led to more global economic growth.But global trade hasn't been all positive for Americans, and in the worldview of President Trump's administration, tariffs can be used to right some of those wrongs. And the U.S. has economic leverage. So if the U.S. wants to level the playing field, it should use that leverage, and use tariffs to accomplish its policy goals.Today on the show: the case for tariffs. We talk to a lonely economist who's been sounding the alarm for years that more and free-er trade isn't always better. And we speak to economists in President Trump's orbit who make the case for how tariffs can be a potent economic and political tool.*This episode was produced by Willa Rubin and edited by Meg Cramer. It was fact-checked by Sarah McClure and engineered by James Willetts. Alex Goldmark is our executive producer. **Find more Planet Money: Facebook) / Instagram) / TikTok) / Our weekly Newsletter).Listen free at these links: Apple Podcasts), Spotify), the NPR app) or anywhere you get podcasts.Help support Planet Money and hear our bonus episodes by subscribing to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts) or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney).Music: Universal Music Production: "Funky Reverie" and "With It;" Audio Network: "Slush Puppy Soul."*Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoices)NPR Privacy Policy)