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cover of episode 471. The Road to The Great War: The Austrian Ultimatum (Part 3)

471. The Road to The Great War: The Austrian Ultimatum (Part 3)

2024/7/18
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The Rest Is History
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多米尼克
汤
汤姆
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多米尼克：本集探讨了1914年7月奥匈帝国向塞尔维亚发出最后通牒的背景，以及法俄联盟对此的反应。奥匈帝国在法俄两国元首于圣彼得堡会晤期间秘密准备最后通牒，并在法国元首离开后将其递交塞尔维亚，此举加剧了紧张局势。俄国因其在巴尔干地区的战略利益（特别是对黑海海峡和乌克兰粮食出口的影响）以及此前在巴尔干问题上两次让步而感到担忧，因此对奥匈帝国的行动强烈不满。萨佐诺夫等俄国领导人认为奥匈帝国此举是德国操纵下的侵略行为，并坚信只有强硬立场才能阻止奥匈帝国的进一步行动。法国则因普法战争的失败而寻求恢复国际地位，并与俄国结盟，共同对抗德国。法国总统庞加莱对奥匈帝国的行动表示强烈谴责，并与俄国元首会晤，巩固了法俄联盟，并试图将英国拉入冲突。尽管法国国内对萨拉热窝事件的关注度因一起性丑闻而降低，但法国媒体对塞尔维亚表示同情，并谴责奥匈帝国的侵略行为。 汤姆：本集详细分析了奥匈帝国最后通牒的内容及其对塞尔维亚的影响。最后通牒中奥匈帝国指责塞尔维亚纵容恐怖主义，并要求塞尔维亚接受奥匈调查人员进入贝尔格莱德调查，这严重侵犯了塞尔维亚的主权。塞尔维亚政府在最后通牒面前感到震惊和焦虑，并试图争取时间寻求支持。俄国在得知奥匈帝国最后通牒后，外长萨佐诺夫立即意识到这将引发欧洲战争，并向沙皇报告。沙皇起初犹豫，但萨佐诺夫坚持认为必须对奥匈帝国采取强硬立场，否则俄国将失去国际威望。法国驻俄大使巴列奥洛格在其中扮演了煽风点火的角色，他不断地鼓励萨佐诺夫采取强硬立场。最终，俄国决定部分动员军队，以向奥匈帝国施压，这标志着战争的临近。

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In July 1914, the French President Poincaré and Tsar Nicholas II met, solidifying their alliance against Germany. While France sought to regain its prestige and Alsace-Lorraine, Russia aimed to secure its interests in the Balkans and access to the Mediterranean. The meeting heightened tensions as Austria prepared its ultimatum to Serbia, setting the stage for a potential conflict.
  • The Franco-Russian alliance of 1894 was driven by shared anxieties about Germany.
  • France aimed to regain lost prestige and territories (Alsace-Lorraine).
  • Russia's interests lay in the Balkans and securing access to the Mediterranean via the Straits.
  • The meeting between Poincaré and Nicholas II solidified their alliance and hardened their stance against Austria-Hungary.

Shownotes Transcript

On the 20th of July 1914 the heads of state of two great European powers - France and Russia - met in St Petersburg. Little did they know, though they may have suspected, that the Austrians were simultaneously writing up an Ultimatum, and waiting for the departure of the French to hand it to Serbia. Russia, at that time a vast continental empire under the leadership of the conservative, nervous Tsar Nicholas II, posed a major threat to the Austrians. It had modernised quickly and was in a far more confident position than it had been ten years earlier. Moreover, it had invested interests in the Balkans - the axis of their grain reserves - and little sympathy for the Austrians and their assassinated Archduke. Meanwhile, France felt itself to be a country in decline, long the whipping boy of Europe, and threatened by Germany - the growing, encroaching industrial shadow on its border. The time had come to recover French prestige in the world, and a war in the Balkans, guaranteeing the intervention of their most useful ally, Russia, may have seemed the answer…So it was that in the wake of their summit, both powers parted having cemented their alliance, eager to drive Britain into the conflict with them, and determined take a firm hand with whatever broke out in the Balkans. Three days later, Austria delivered its Ultimatum to Serbia...

Join Dominic and Tom as they discuss the intrigues and interests of the formidable Franco-Russian alliance, their historical relationship with the Austrians, and the part they played in bringing the apocalyptic First World War to fruition. Also, the moment that Austria-Hungary finally dealt Serbia its inflammatory Ultimatum, and their response to it. With time ticking, the thunder clouds of war were closing in.

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