cover of episode 505. The French Revolution: The Shadow of the Guillotine (Part 3)

505. The French Revolution: The Shadow of the Guillotine (Part 3)

2024/10/20
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(旁白)
德国基督教民主联盟主席,2025年德国总理候选人,长期从事金融政策和法律工作。
多米尼克
汤姆
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汤姆:在英语世界,断头台是法国大革命,特别是恐怖统治的象征,代表着大规模屠杀和恐怖。但在法国,断头台被视为一种人道和进步的处决方式,延续使用到1939年。 多米尼克:法国大革命之前的处决方式残忍且具有公开表演的性质,例如将犯人吊死在路灯上。革命初期,对复仇和惩罚的渴望就已存在,体现在对犯人的公开处决和游行示众上。在巴士底狱陷落后的两年里,巴黎经常发生私刑,这种现象让许多革命者感到担忧。法国大革命的领导者认为,通过流血才能建立一个道德共和国。 旧制度下的刽子手如同犹太人、妓女和麻风病人一样,被社会视为异类,其职业带有强烈的罪恶和威胁感。刽子手的存在本身就构成对罪犯的一种惩罚,象征着罪犯从体面公民沦为受刑者的过程。旧制度下的处决过程带有宗教仪式色彩,强调忏悔和赦免。与英国相比,法国的公开处决更像是一种宗教仪式,而非娱乐活动,这与天主教的忏悔和赦免观念有关。 达米安刺杀路易十五未遂事件的处决,展现了旧制度下公开处决的残忍和盛况,也促使人们反思这种惩罚方式。达米安的处决虽然满足了公众的猎奇心理,但却因其残忍性而适得其反,促使人们开始反思公开处决的必要性。对旧制度下残酷刑罚的厌恶并非大革命独有,启蒙运动和一些君主本身就存在改革的意愿。许多法国大革命的领导者在革命前就对死刑抱有保留态度,主张改革死刑制度。 吉约丹医生在法国大革命初期就倡导死刑改革,主张采用更加人道和公平的处决方式。吉约丹医生是一位富有同情心的人,他致力于改善穷人和弱势群体的状况,并积极参与死刑改革。路易十六在革命前就已开始对死刑制度进行改革,这为吉约丹的改革建议提供了条件。吉约丹最初的断头机设计被认为是荒谬可笑的,但随着时间的推移,他的想法被证明具有前瞻性。断头机巧妙地融合了对公开处决的渴望和对人道处决的追求,既满足了公众的猎奇心理,又体现了革命的进步理念。 国民议会最终保留了死刑,但对死刑的执行方式进行了改革,这反映了革命者在进步与保守之间的矛盾。国民议会决定采用斩首作为统一的处决方式,这既是为了体现公平,也是因为斩首被认为比绞刑更人道快捷。圣桑反对采用斩首作为统一的处决方式,因为他认为这会造成大量流血,影响处决的效率和庄重性。断头机的发明是医学专家和技工合作的结果,旨在提高斩首的效率和人道性。断头机最终以吉约丹的名字命名,这反映了其在法国大革命中的象征意义及其自身的传奇色彩。断头机的使用使得处决过程更加高效和统一,但也使得被处决者失去了个性,沦为无名数字。 多米尼克:法国大革命之前的处决方式残忍且具有公开表演的性质,例如将犯人吊死在路灯上。革命初期,对复仇和惩罚的渴望就已存在,体现在对犯人的公开处决和游行示众上。在巴士底狱陷落后的两年里,巴黎经常发生私刑,这种现象让许多革命者感到担忧。法国大革命的领导者认为,通过流血才能建立一个道德共和国。旧制度下的刽子手的地位特殊且令人恐惧。旧制度下的处决过程带有宗教仪式色彩,强调忏悔和赦免。与英国相比,法国的公开处决更像是一种宗教仪式,而非娱乐活动,这与天主教的忏悔和赦免观念有关。达米安的处决虽然满足了公众的猎奇心理,但却因其残忍性而适得其反,促使人们开始反思公开处决的必要性。对旧制度下残酷刑罚的厌恶并非大革命独有,启蒙运动和一些君主本身就存在改革的意愿。许多法国大革命的领导者在革命前就对死刑抱有保留态度,主张改革死刑制度。吉约丹最初的断头机设计被认为是荒谬可笑的,但随着时间的推移,他的想法被证明具有前瞻性。断头机巧妙地融合了对公开处决的渴望和对人道处决的追求,既满足了公众的猎奇心理,又体现了革命的进步理念。国民议会最终保留了死刑,但对死刑的执行方式进行了改革,这反映了革命者在进步与保守之间的矛盾。圣桑反对采用斩首作为统一的处决方式,因为他认为这会造成大量流血,影响处决的效率和庄重性。断头机的使用使得处决过程更加高效和统一,但也使得被处决者失去了个性,沦为无名数字。

Deep Dive

Chapters
The episode delves into the unholy status of executioners under the Ancien Régime, their menacing presence in society, and the reforms brought by the Revolution.
  • Executioners were outcasts and feared, performing essential but morally tainted roles.
  • They wore distinctive clothing and had peculiar privileges, such as using a tin-plated spoon to take goods from marketplaces.
  • The Revolution reformed their role, normalizing their civic status and making them state functionaries.

Shownotes Transcript

During the "Ancien Regime", royal executioners held an unholy status, and would strike up fear in the crowds as they walked the streets of Paris. But with the Revolution, the role of executioners in society was reformed, and whilst they lost some of their privileges, they were ushered into to a new, universalist France. And as the Revolution brought forward more and more enemies of the state, executioners were faced with more victims than the axe could handle. This, combined with an ever growing debate around the humanity and dignity of executions, would lead to the invention of a killing machine still used by the French state more than 150 years later…

Join Tom and Dominic in the third part of our second season of the French Revolution, as they look at gruesome methods of execution under the French monarchy, the changing role of executioners, how the Guillotine came to loom so large over the fate of so many…


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