cover of episode 545. The French Revolution: The First Feminist (Part 2)

545. The French Revolution: The First Feminist (Part 2)

2025/3/6
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The Rest Is History

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多米尼克
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主持著名true crime播客《Crime Junkie》的播音员和创始人。
汤姆
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汤姆:玛丽安娜作为法国共和国的象征,代表着自由、平等、博爱等核心价值观。她的形象出现在1792年夏秋之际,当时普鲁士军队正在逼近巴黎,她成为法国新的象征,与马赛曲的出现同时,体现了革命时期乐观与希望并存的复杂性。玛丽安娜的形象是古典的,体现了法国革命者对罗马的影响,她是一个抽象的象征,人们可以将各种期望投射到她身上。玛丽安娜既不是基督教的圣母,也不是世俗的王后,更不是玛丽·安托瓦内特,她的阶级属性不明确,不代表法国任何特定群体,具有普遍性。 然而,玛丽安娜的形象是否对经历法国大革命的女性有共鸣?这值得我们深思。虽然女性在革命中扮演了重要角色,例如参加凡尔赛宫妇女进军,但大多数女性革命者的名字并未流传下来。马拉等革命者将女性描绘成受某种激励力量驱使的大众,而非个体。巴黎的女性是革命活动的积极旁观者,她们经常出席公开会议,但她们通常不被允许参与公共辩论。罗兰夫人是革命中具有实际政治影响力的女性,她经营着革命沙龙,对革命活动施加影响,但她也并不认为女性应该参与公共政治。 奥兰普·德·古热是一位重要的女性权利倡导者,她对法国大革命持有独特的观点。她揭示了革命的虚伪性:如果男性拥有权利,女性为什么没有?她发表了《妇女和女公民权利宣言》,呼吁女性享有平等权利,这在当时具有革命性。 多米尼克:法国大革命实现了接近现代民主理想的全民男性普选,玛丽安娜成为其象征。然而,我认为并非每个人都应该拥有投票权。法国大革命实现了几乎全民男性普选,这在当时是具有开创性的。女性也积极参与了革命,例如无套裤汉中的女性。由于女性在1789年将国王和王后从凡尔赛带回巴黎以及1792年攻占杜乐丽宫中的作用,她们被尊为“民族之母”。 然而,与男性革命者不同,大多数女性革命者的名字并未流传下来。马拉将女性描绘成受某种激励力量驱使的大众,而非个体。巴黎的女性是革命活动的积极旁观者,她们经常出席公开会议。罗伯斯庇尔因其古典风格的形象而受到女性的喜爱。罗兰夫人是革命中具有实际政治影响力的女性,她经营着革命沙龙,对革命活动施加影响,但她不认为女性应该参与公共政治,她痛恨玛丽·安托瓦内特,认为她是国王和政治的坏影响。罗兰夫人成为山岳派的目标,被描绘成唠叨、依附丈夫的女性。山岳派,即那些最致力于自由、平等和博爱理想的人,最容易将女性对革命的领导作用视为反革命的。他们认同古希腊和罗马的价值观,反对女性参与政治。 特雷兹·德·梅里库尔是一位激进的女性革命者,她因被奥地利特工逮捕而声名鹊起,她试图建立妇女俱乐部,但未能成功,这反映了当时女性参与政治的困境。她试图组建妇女营,但遭到拒绝,这体现了当时社会对女性参与战争的矛盾态度。保利娜·莱昂的请愿书呼吁女性参与战争,但被立法议会忽视。奥兰普·德·古热对1791年法国宪法中没有赋予女性权利感到震惊,她发表了《妇女权利宣言》,呼吁女性享有平等权利,但她的观点大多遭到嘲笑或蔑视,这反映了当时社会观念的根深蒂固。

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Chapters
The symbol of Marianne emerged during the French Revolution as an embodiment of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Initially depicted as a woman with a Phrygian cap, she represented Republican ideals and became a significant national emblem.
  • Marianne symbolizes the French Republic's values: liberty, equality, and fraternity.
  • The symbol emerged during the summer and autumn of 1792.
  • The Phrygian cap is a key feature of Marianne's iconography.
  • Marianne gradually became a universal symbol of liberty in the 19th century.

Shownotes Transcript

In the summer and Autumn of 1792 - with the Prussians bearing down on Paris, the streets thronged with the stirring swell of the Marseillaise, but also the rotting bodies of those brutally killed during the September Massacres - the French Revolution bore a new symbol of optimism and hope: Liberty. Embodied by a female figure, later known as Marianne, and famously enshrined in Eugène Delacroix’s iconic painting, she was an important reminder that the revolution was about more than just violence, but also the dream of a brighter future, in which all the people of France would have a steak. Marianne was the new Republic personified, and manifested all those virtues most desired by the new order; freedom, equality and reason. But, did this new symbol have any resonance for the actual women of the revolution? Certainly, they had played a major role in bringing the King and Queen back to Paris from Versailles in 1789, helping patriots who stormed Tuileries in 1792, and were keen spectators to the febrile politics of the revolution. For this, women were enshrined as ‘mothers of the nation’, a vital mass of humanity thought to be inspired by an animating emotional power. And yet, unlike their male counterparts, few women save Marie Antoinette, at whom sexualised misogyny was constantly hurled, have stood the test of time. So who were the women at the very heart of the French Revolution? And what did they do to change the course of history?

Join Tom and Dominic as they discuss the evolving ideology of the French Revolution - one of the most decisive moments of world history - and some of the women at the centre of it all from the very start.

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Producer: Theo Young-Smith

Assistant Producer: Tabby Syrett + Aaliyah Akude

Executive Producers: Jack Davenport + Tony Pastor

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