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As the enemy raced up the slope, Harald Hardrada tightened his grip on his sword hilt and whispered one last prayer. There was nothing for it now, he thought, but to die with honour. He had formed his men into a tight circle, linking their shields around the Raven Banner, where he and Tostig stood with his friends and captains. The Saxons, Harald thought.
would have to cut their way through the line. He would make them pay in blood before the day was out. The enemy was screaming out their war songs. Through the dust and chaos he could see Harold Godwinson at the foot of the slope, urging his men on. The circle was shrinking. Harold's men were tiring, their shield arms heavy, their sword blows weary. And still the Saxons came on, eager to finish it. For just a moment,
Harold thought of that morning by the stream, when he was little, when Olaf had asked him what he most wanted in life. Housecalls! So many housecalls that they would eat all Halfdan's cows at a single feast! What he wouldn't give for more housecalls now!
So there, Dominic, the epic tones of Snorri Sturluson, the 13th century historian and poet from Iceland, one of the greatest writers in medieval history, whose epic account, the saga of King Harold, is the definitive, in fact, pretty much the only account we have of the Battle of Stamford Bridge. And since today's episode is about the Battle of Stamford Bridge, I mean, what else could we possibly have begun with but that great work by Snorri Sturluson?
I mean, really the only choice, except perhaps for a new version, a new account of the Battle of Stamford Bridge, because actually that wasn't by Snorri Sturluson at all, was it? It was by you. It was. Yeah. It's a forensic reconstruction, I think it's fair to say, of what happened at that battle in Adventures in Time, Fury of the Vikings. So that is literally...
literally exactly what Harold Hardrada thought. He thought back to that moment when he was a little boy, which listeners will remember from the Harold Hardrada series. And, you know, the enemy was singing their war songs and he could see Harold Godwinson coming on. And that's exactly what happened, Tom.
Because, do you know, Dominic, when we're going to go on and do the Battle of Hastings, and initially I put a passage from Millennium, my book about which includes an account of the Battle of Hastings in the front. And then I thought, no, I shouldn't do that. I mean, you know, there are so many other epic accounts that were written at the time I put them in. And I did think, I wonder whether Dominic will include his account in
in preference to that of Snorri Sturluson, the great writer. Yeah. And you sent me the text and you had done. And I salute you. This speaks to your fundamental lack of self-confidence, I think, Tom. I think that is probably what it does, yeah. Whereas I'm not burdened by the same doubts and anxieties. No, you have the spirit of a Viking. I have the spirit of a cringing monk. I think there is, I mean, I don't think there's any doubt about that. By the way, please clip that and use that as a social media. So,
So Dominic, I mean, today looking at one of the most exciting stories in all of medieval history, and it's really the last great battle between Anglo-Saxons and Vikings for the throne of England. And I guess this is...
The battle with which so many accounts of the story of the Vikings finishes, doesn't it? In almost every general English language history of the Vikings, this is the last chapter. There may be a sort of epilogue, an envoi, farewell to the Viking age, but this is the last great narrative set piece. And you can see why, because although there are, as we'll discuss, there are subsequent attempts by Scandinavians to raid or indeed invade England. This is the last great one. It's the one that comes closest.
And it has, it really does have the quality of myth because at its heart are two irresistible, colorful, doomed characters, Harold Hardrada and Harold Godwinson.
And both of them stand for things greater than themselves, i.e. a civilization, Anglo-Saxon England, as you put it, with meat hauls and mustaches. Yeah, and the Vikings, dragon ships and booming laughs. And booming laughs, exactly. So let us start with the man at the center of the story, Harold Hardrada, who we talked about last week.
So last week we left him as King of Norway. The beginning of 1066, he's probably 50 years old. So he's the oldest of the contenders in this story. He's had the most extraordinary life. A lot of what we talked about last week, you know, was in that sort of fuzzy area between myth and history and fiction.
But we know that, you know, he was exiled as a teenager. He went off to be a mercenary in Kievan Rus. He was a Varangian guard, messing around with the emperor and the empress.
possible eye gouging, comes back. Snakes. Snakes, great scenes, becomes King of Norway. And we ended the Harold Hardrada series talking about how he earns the reputation Hardrada. So there's a kind of chilling ruthlessness to Harold Hardrada. Adam of Bremen, who we've mentioned before, called him the Thunderbolt of the North.
William of Poitiers, who we mentioned on Monday, said he was the strongest living man under the sun. So even if you strip away the inventions of the sagas, Harold Hardrada is a frighteningly ruthless, vengeful, effective...
avaricious, impressive man. He is the distillation of the Viking ethos, I think. And that's why his story makes such a wonderful conclusion to any history of the Vikings. And it's why he's such a perfect history for a saga of the kind that Snorri Sturluson and the other Icelandic writers have. And one of the things that's fascinating about this particular
episode, is that we have a kind of first draft of history in the form of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Yes, we do. So we talked about Tostig in the previous episode, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle tells us that he has retreated from England in 1065, that he's gone to Flanders, that he then launches a raid on the Isle of Wight, that he then launches a raid on the Humber, and that he then goes to Scotland. And that is all it tells us.
But the thing about Snorri's epic is that it fills in a lot of those details, whether accurately or not is up for debate, but certainly in a much more dramatic manner. So if we were doing this as an HBO series, we would start this episode with Harold in his hall,
in Viken, which is near basically the Oslo region in Norway. And his days of war appear to be over. He's fought this interminable war with the Danes that has basically ended in a stalemate. You can sort of see how you would shoot the scene. He's sitting there at the end of his hall, grizzled. The old wolf. The old wolf, exactly. And one day in the summer of 1066, I mean, this must have been effectively what happened,
A man walks into his hall, a man the sagas describe as, quote, a tall, strong man, a big talker and warlike with an enormous English moustache. I mean, the thing that's interesting about that description is that in the life of Edward the Confessor, which was commissioned by Tostig's sister, he's described as being short.
So, interesting contradiction there. Maybe his sister didn't know what she was talking about. Maybe. I'm going with the sagas, Tom. I'm always, by the way, in this episode, going to go with the sagas. So, this is Tostig. And as we described last time, Tostig is seething with resentment against his brother, Harold Godwinson, who he blames for his exile from England, the fact that Morcar has become Earl of Northumbria, that everybody hates him, all of this. Now,
Tostig in the last episode had been raiding England. He described him messing around in the Isle of Wight and the Humber and whatnot. But I think it's pretty clear that after he's gone off to Scotland and he's been blown around, he's looking for something more than raiding. I mean, by going to get help, he is signing up effectively to regime change in England. It's clear to him his brother's never going to take him back. There's no possibility of a rapprochement. Now, if the sagas are to be believed,
Harold Hardrada is not Tostig's first choice because the sagas say initially he goes to see somebody you mentioned very briefly last time, Svein of Denmark. And Tostig in the sagas says to him, why don't you come with me and win the country, win England as Cnut, your mother's brother, did? And I think this has the ring of absolute plausibility. Svein says, no, I'm not Cnut. I don't have Cnut's capabilities.
Only with difficulty can I defend my own Danish dominions against the Northmen, against the Norwegians, which is absolutely accurate.
Had Svein taken Tostig up on his offer and gone to England, there's no doubt in my mind that Harald Hardrada would have immediately invaded and conquered Denmark. So Svein would have been bonkers to take that up. Tostig, we're told, reacted contemptuously. He says, I expected more of so gallant a man. And I will look for help, he says, from a king who isn't frightened of a great enterprise as you are. It has to be said...
that both the contemporaneous sources and the sagas imply that Tostig does not have great interpersonal skills. He's not a charmer. And to be fair, the record of history suggests that everybody despises Tostig. Yeah. But Tom, Tostig will redeem himself at the end of this episode and behave, I think, in a very impressive and gallant way. So now Tostig crosses the Skagorak to Viken and he finds Harold Hardrada in his hall. Now,
Now, at first, Harold Hardrada, too, is dubious. You talked last time about how some of William of Normandy's advisors said, England, really? That is a tough nut to crack. That is a hell of a gamble.
And Hardrada hesitates. We're told, the king replied that the north men had no great desire for a campaign in England. People say that the English are not to be trusted. Who says that? This is outrageous. Everyone knows that an Englishman's word is his body. Right. This is fools in Norway, I think it's fair to say. Idiots. Remember, Harold Hardrada has never been to England, so he knows not whereof he speaks. Yeah, true. And Tostig says, hold on. Remember, you have a claim to the English throne. He reminds...
Hardrada, that a quarter of a century earlier, during the succession crisis after the death of Canute, there was this story that Hartha Canute and Hardrada's brother Magnus had done a deal that whichever of them died without an heir would inherit the other's kingdom, all of his kingdoms. And Tostig says to Hardrada, Magnus was your brother and you've inherited that claim. Edward the Confessor has died without an heir.
And under the terms of that deal, England is yours. Now, whether they'd really made that deal, it's not written down anywhere. So who knows? But it's convenient for Hardrada. And Tostig goes on, according to the sagas. If you want it, England is yours. I can talk most of the lords there into supporting you. That, as we know, is a dubious claim, to say the least. Tostig goes on.
And he appeals to Hardrider's vanity. Everybody says that never in all the Northlands has there been a warrior king to compare with you. So it seems odd to me that you spent 15 years trying to conquer Denmark and yet you shrink from the chance of ruling England when it is yours for the taking. Oh, he's subtle there, isn't he? Now, the sagas then say that Harold and Tostig talked long and frequently together, which undoubtedly they must have done. And Harold has to weigh this up, right? Because this is a gamble.
Now, until this moment, he has never shown the slightest interest in England. And people who listen to our Harold Hardrada two-parter will know that basically all his career was spent in the East, not the West. He's always looked East. Because there are two paths to wealth in the Viking world, aren't there? Right. England or Constantinople, basically, by this point. So this is a novelty for him. He's never really thought about England before. Some of his chief advisors, we're told, said, look, you can do anything. You're the thunderbolt of the North.
Why not? Let's go for it. Others, and this echoes again what the Normans said to William, others again said that England was difficult to attack, that it was very full of people, and that the men-at-arms were so brave that one of them was better than two of Harold's best men, which actually, again, bears out what you were saying last time, that the English are generally underrated. We tend to think, oh, the English were rubbish because they were very peaceable, but actually...
They're more formidable than you think. Yeah, and to look at it from the Viking point of view, Viking armies keep going over to England. They keep battering it, conquering it, draining it of its silver, and still it endures and comes back kind of stronger than ever. Yeah, exactly. So Harold sits and thinks about it, and eventually he decides he'll do it, and I think there are three reasons why. Number one is the great traditional Viking reason, which I think does then...
sort of cement his last Viking reputation, and that is basically money. He has had terrible trouble in Norway raising taxes to pay for his wars, hence the name Hardrada, because he's basically been harrying people who won't pay their taxes. But England, as we've established, is very, very rich. And even if he didn't get the crown, imagine that he lands...
There's a lot of battles. There's a kind of stalemate, a little bit like it was with, you know, Svein Fortbeard and Cnut in the early days. He might just go home with loads of Dane gold. The English would buy him off. The English would buy him off. So that's the, you know, that could be a worst case scenario. He doesn't think he's going to die. I mean, it's not the worst case scenario, actually, as it will turn out, is it? But yes, I mean, that's what he could get. Then I think there's a geopolitical reason. It's very clear that Harold has always wanted to, you know, Norway's not enough for him.
Basically, if you're a Norwegian or Danish king, your ambition is obviously to try to be the next Cnut, to build a kind of North Sea empire. It would make complete sense that you might want to try to do that. And I guess Harald Hardrada has seen Yaroslav the Wise, the great king of Kiev, and he's seen the emperor in Constantinople. So he has a sense, perhaps, that Norway...
is a slightly shrunken and impoverished stage compared to those. He's been playing for Real Madrid and now he's managing Burnley. And he probably thinks to himself, ideally I'd be managing a bigger club. Yeah. And the third thing I think is psychological. And,
There's no reason to doubt the evidence of the sagas that Harold Hardrada is a very restless, warlike man who basically, he's a bit like Alexander the Great. He doesn't like building bridges and discussing tax returns. What he really likes doing is fighting people. But also, unlike Alexander the Great, he's now 50. So he's prone to a massive midlife crisis, I guess. Massive midlife crisis. Snorri says...
he yearned to conquer new realms. And again, if you're doing this as your TV series, he's sitting there on his throne, grizzled one last time. Will you join me? You know, that kind of thing. So the orders go out. They assemble a fleet in the Western fjords.
We're told 200 longships and 100 transports. So if you assume about 50 to 60 men per longship, that would be about 10,000 men. That's plausible because that's similar to the force that he threw against Denmark. It's actually bigger than the fleet that Canute used to conquer England in 1016. And I guess that like William's invasion force, which is massing at this very moment on the north coast of France...
Harold's name and reputation is a huge draw. Oh, yeah. If you're a young man from Norway, Sweden, Denmark, or indeed the East, or from Flanders, or wherever it might be, and the word has gone out, Hardrada, sails again. Yeah. It's like something from a Western, isn't it? The dragon boats shall roar at last time as the sun sets in the West. It's Theoden in The Lord of the Rings, right? One last time, you know, with all that stuff.
So...
The fleet is assembled. Before leaving, he goes to visit the shrine of his late brother, St. Olaf, in a place called Nidaros, which is today Trondheim. And St. Olaf has already been turned into a slightly implausible patron saint of Norway as a way of buttressing the Hardrada dynasty regime. And he supposedly, I mean, why you would do this, God knows you'll know more about this than me, Tom. He trims the hair and nails of the body of his brother and then bizarrely throws the key of the tomb into the ground.
into the river. Well, Otto III in the millennial year, the year 1000, had done the same for Charlemagne. He'd gone down into Charlemagne's tomb and trimmed his nails. Yeah. Right. So it's obviously a thing. Right. Now, a very bad blow for Hardrada is that just as they're preparing to sail, his men are afflicted by a series of terrible dreams. And Tom, you may scoff at this, but I have no reason to doubt that this happened. So first of all, there's a man called Gerd,
And he dreamed of seeing ravens perched on the prows of all their longships and a sinister witch wife singing that all the men would soon be a feast for crows. That's not good, is it? Unfortunately, there's another bloke called Thord. And he says, well, he's also had a dream. He saw two armies lined up for battle in the fields of England. Another of these witch wives riding between them on a wolf. And I quote,
The wolf had a man's carcass in his mouth and the blood was dripping from his jaws. And when he'd eaten one body, she, the witch wife, threw another corpse into his mouth until he swallowed them all. Again, I mean, it could be the English. But then, unfortunately, the crowning dream, Harold himself has a dream that his brother Olaf, with his nails nicely trimmed, turns up during the night wearing the same armour that he had worn at the fatal battle of Stiklestad.
which we did in that Harold Hardrada series. Well, he's chopped to pieces, isn't he? Yeah. So Olaf, bleeding, turns up in this armour and sings to him, Thy death is near, thy corpse I fear, the crow will feed, the witch wife steed. So this is a bad, bad development for Harold Hardrada. You can imagine him shivering as he stands on the prow of his ship. Do you think he would shiver? He would shiver. He'd give a little imperceptible shiver, I think. An internal shiver. He'd draw his bare skin out
His wolf skin cloak tighter around him. He would gaze back at the dark forests of Norway and then his face would set and he would gaze at the grey steely waters of the North Sea and set sail for England. This is literally what happened. So August 1066, it's now or never they set sail. Now at first they seem to have headed northwest towards Orkney and Orkney is part of Harold's empire.
And we are told by Heimskringla, the King Harold saga, that there he collected more men and he left. The saga says he left Queen Elisif. So she's the one from Yaroslav's daughter. And her daughters, Maria and Ingergert in Orkney. But historians now think that's unlikely, that she might have been dead by this point anyway. And that actually he had a second wife called Tora and that maybe it was her who he left in Orkney. Anyway, we don't need to worry about them.
them. And it's interesting because there's a 12th century English chronicler, so that's well before Snorri, who says that Tostig, who has spent the whole summer, you know, presumably having come back from seeing Harold Hardrada hanging out with Malcolm of Scotland, and
The he has already been joined by ships from Orkney, presumably sent by Hardrada. Yeah, it's slightly confusing where Tostig is at this point because the sagas give different explanations. But Tostig is definitely doing something up in Scotland. He's with Malcolm. I mean, that's what the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says. So Harold now turns south. He sails down the east coast of Scotland towards the ancient kingdom of Northumbria. Of course, the part of England with very, very strong Scandinavian roots and the Scandinavian traditions.
And in the middle of September, Hardrada makes landfall on the coast at a place then called Cliffland, what we would now call Cleveland, North Yorkshire. And this is very Danish territory. So the first villages that he comes to, which are now suburbs of Middlesbrough, today they are Ormsby, Stainsby, Tollsby. They are Danish names. They are named after Vikings called Orm, Stain, Toll.
And the people there were told offered Hardrada no resistance. Now, that may be. I mean, you wouldn't, would you? You wouldn't. But also, these are places where they probably have trade with Scandinavia, where the arrival of Scandinavians is not maybe as terrifying and outlandish as it would be had they landed in Devon, let us say. So they do a bit of messing around there. Then they sail 40 miles south to a place called Skardis Fort, Skardaborg,
which is named after a brilliant man called Thorgil Skadi, Thorgil's the hair-lipped. And Skadi's fort, Skardaborg, we now call Scarborough. So they land at Scarborough. Now, Scarborough is a larger town. It's fortified. And the people here clearly seem to have felt more English because they actually do try to resist Hardrada. Hardrada takes the town anyway.
And we're told by the saga, the Northmen killed many people there and took all the booty they could lay hold of. There was nothing left for the Englishmen now if they would preserve their lives, but to submit to King Harold. And thus he subdued the country wherever he came. So in other words, he's made an example of Scarborough. He has looted it, sacked it. And this sends a message to all the towns of Eastern, Northeastern England. You stand in my way.
and I will hammer you. But you do right by me, and I'll do right by you. Exactly. So now he turns into the mouth of the Humber, and by this point, we can be pretty sure he has joined forces with Tostig,
And Tostig has some Flemish mercenaries probably, and he definitely has men from Scotland, from King Malcolm. Tostig has already sailed up the Humber once already this year of 1066. And it's a reminder of the way that for, if you have any kind of Scandinavian inheritance of invasion, the Humber is where you go. It's like a great dagger pointed into the vitals of middle England. And this is a standard thing, right? This is not unusual.
So far, Hardrada is following the playbook that so many Vikings have done so often. He probably has about 12,000 men at this point. This includes his own son, Olaf, and Tostig's son, who's called Skuli.
They go up the Humber and then they turn into the river Ouse. People remember how they'd use the networks of rivers in what are now Russia and Ukraine. Now they're using the network of rivers in northern England. And they row up the Ouse northwards until they reach the village of Rickle, which is 10 miles from York. Now, so far, everything looks
Harold has done has made complete sense, has been very well planned. He has gone for the area of England that is the longest and deepest Scandinavian connections. He doesn't seem to be just interested in raiding. I think he's probably serious about conquest, which is why he's going for York, because York is one of the two biggest urban prizes, really. London is the only one that compares. It's formerly Jorvik.
massive Scandinavian heritage. It'd have been the capital of Erik Bloodaxe. You know, there are a lot of people there who would have Scandinavian family connections, roots and so on, trading connections. There's also an archbishop, so quite convenient. And of course, they crack out enormous turds, mighty Viking turds.
I think the largest turd, isn't it? The largest fossil turd ever found. Something like that. So a terrifying place. Slightly more excitingly, it also has a mint. So it's one of the only places, it's the only mint in Northern England. So if you take York, you're taking a proper seat of kind of royal authority. Anyway, York is guarded by the two northernmost earls, and we've talked about them a lot. They are Morcar, the Earl of Northumbria, and Edwin, Earl of Mercia. They
They're the grandsons of Leofric. They're the dynasty that had been the great counterweight to the Godwinsons. And they're now the brothers-in-law of Harold Godwinson. So they are now loyal to Harold as king. Now, they are both much younger than Hardrada and much less battle-hardened. They're both in their 20s.
And it may be that Hardrada thought they would come to a deal, that they would panic and run away, that they would surrender, but they don't. Now, an interesting thing here is why don't they stay in York? Because York has stone walls that are built on kind of Roman foundations. Everybody knows the one thing the Vikings don't like doing is besieging towns. They're not terribly good at it. They don't enjoy it.
Why don't Edwin and Morcar just stay in York and wait for Harold Gobinson to come in with his army and relieve them? The obvious answer is that, as you described last time, Harold Gobinson has been waiting on the south coast for ages for the Normans. And his men have become restless and he has released them to go off and bring in the harvest. So Edwin and Morcar probably think, first of all, that his men are all gone. So maybe he's not going to come and relieve us anyway.
But crucially, our own men have not brought in our harvest. So we don't have a lot of food in York. The city is reliant on what small stocks of food we have. And if we stay cooped up in York, Hardrada's men, they'll ravage the fields or they'll eat all of the harvest themselves and we will starve. So we basically have no choice but to force the issue. Yeah. They are bold, these pups. Is that Howard Hardrada joining us? Yes. Brilliant.
So now we come to Wednesday, the 20th of September. So that morning, Harold and Tostig are marching north along the River Ouse towards the hamlet of Fulford, which is now a suburb of York, southern suburb of York. And at Fulford, they find, according to the sagas, they find their road blocked by a shield wall of about 4,000 men. And these are Edwin and Morcar's houseguards. So in other words, they're trained professional soldiers.
And they're sort of levees. And a real ragtag farm. People with pitchforks. Up on a zow, I've got up my pitchfork. Exactly. People with an axe, a bloke who's got a sling, all of this kind of thing. To describe the terrain, the terrain is very wet. And we know that because we can tell from the name of the place, Fulford. It means foul water ford. So as the Norsemen are looking at it, they have on their left the River Ouse.
And on their right, it's a very kind of muddy, swampy area. The Norsemen are going to go uphill between these two things. And they're basically going to head up and they have to cross this deep, muddy ditch towards the Saxons. Now, I have to say, the saga's descriptions of this battle are exceedingly confusing. And historians who claim they know what happened are obviously talking balderdash. And to be honest, the same is kind of true of Stamford Bridge as well. Right, exactly.
But what seems to have happened is this. Basically, at first, Harold Hardrider's men are going slightly uphill through all this mud. The Saxons are throwing spears and firing arrows at them.
The bodies pile up, people are stumbling in the ditch and whatnot. The right hand side, the right wing of Hardrada's force, where Tostig's mercenaries are, they start to waver, we're told. Now, maybe is that because Tostig, everyone hates Tostig? Or is this the saga is just trying to buttress Harold Hardrada's reputation dissing Tostig?
Who can say? According to the sagas, more car begins to push them back. The Northumbrians end up crossing the ditch. Now, some people say, well, maybe was this a ploy? Was this a Battle of Hastings style ploy? Or has it been lifted from accounts of the Battle of Hastings? Exactly. King Harold's saga says...
Harold Hardrada commanded the charge to be sounded and urged on his men. He ordered the banner, which was called the Land Waster, to be carried before him and made so severe an assault that all had to give way before it. Land Waster, his banner, very famous emblem of kind of his power. This would have been a white silk banner.
banner with a black raven on it. You know, a little nod there back to their traditions. And it said that it brings victory to whomever it proceeds into battle. Exactly. So now Hard Rider orders his men into this great charge, into the gap that's been left by Morkar. There's a lot of ferocious hand-to-hand combats.
And basically the Norsemen are much better at this than the Anglo-Saxons are, than the English are. And the sagas are explicit about the scale of the slaughter. So this is King Harold's saga. He made so severe an assault that all had to give way before it. And there was a great loss among the men of the earls. And they soon broke into flight, most of them leaping into the ditch, which was so filled with corpses that the Norsemen could cross it without getting wet.
Then a lot of the English seem to have fled towards the river and, you know, bodies piling up in the river. Another saga, Morkinskin, no greater slaughter will ever be inflicted on a brave army. So the sagas say the English did their best. They fought very bravely. But basically, our guy was far too good for them. And in the end, their military power is totally broken. Now, both Edwin and Mork are getaway. But now there's nothing between Harold Hardrada and York. He marches on York.
And on Sunday, the 24th of September, after a couple of days of faffing around, city fathers have opened the gates and Harold and Tostig convene a thing, an assembly outside the city walls. And the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle tells us, they offered to grant a lasting peace to the citizens as long as they all march south together to conquer this kingdom. So what Harold is basically, Hardrada is saying to York, the York sort of city fathers here is,
You know, I'm not going to sack the city. I'm not going to pillage and loot it. Let's collaborate now. You join with me and we will take England. And actually, do you know what? There are probably a lot of people in York who think to themselves, we could actually come out quite well from this. You know, why not? Well, because the Godwinsons are unpopular. And the fact that Tosty perhaps is at Harold's side...
actually serves as a reminder of everything they disliked about the Godwinsons and perhaps they'll pitch in with Harold Hardrada. Right, and if they've pitched in with Harold Hardrada, what kind of benefits will flow Northumbria's way, York's way, as opposed to London, which will be a conquered city? Yeah, and of course for Harold Hardrada, why would he sack York? Because he needs it as his capital. Yes, exactly. So Hardrada says, okay, fine, this is what we'll do.
You can give me 100 people as hostages as a guarantee of your good behavior. I will offer you 100 people as well. I mean, historians disagree about whether these are hostages or whether actually this is basically a token garrison. Kind of collaboration. Yeah, I'll leave 100 armed men here. Anyway, and he says, tomorrow morning, which is Monday the 25th, I will collect the hostages and some supplies from you. And when I do that, I will name the people who are going to rule over the town,
and who are going to sort out the laws and who are going to give out land and all of that. So we'll make the final arrangements tomorrow, Monday. Now, in the meantime, my men and I are going back to our ships, which are still on the river at Rickall on the River Ouse, which is 10 miles away. We're going to sleep on the ships and we'll be back tomorrow,
We won't come back to York. We'll get the hostages from a river crossing, an old Roman river crossing actually, called Stamford Bridge, which is eight miles east of York. That is where we will meet. And they all say, fine, we'll see you tomorrow at Stamford Bridge. So as night falls on this Sunday, Hardrada and his men have marched all the way back to the River Ouse and Rickle. And you can imagine the scene.
Tom, you can deplore your laugh if you like. There is much feasting. Right. There's much feasting, war stories. They're telling anecdotes about, you know, I smashed this bloke's head and it was absolutely brilliant. Loved it. And do you know what? Harold Hardrider is living the dream. It's all gone swimmingly. He's back on the road. Yeah. Great gig. Yeah. Wonderful. Now for the South and for the Crown of England. But...
Tom, as they drain their wine cups and their drinking horns, what none of them knows is that 12 miles to the west, out of sight, entirely undetected, another army is waiting. And Tom, within just a few hours, Harold Hardrada's final adventure will reach its dramatic, heart-stopping conclusion.
This is blood pumping stuff. And we will be back after the break with the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Hello. Now, I'm sure you're already aware of this, but if you're not, we have some absolutely thrilling news for you. Last October, Tom
Tom and I did a live show at the Royal Albert Hall in London with an orchestra and a choir. And we enjoyed it so much that we're coming back to the Royal Albert Hall again with an orchestra to do not one, but two live shows, a matinee and an evening performance. That's right, Dominic. We will be returning to the Royal Albert Hall on the 4th of May. And once again, we will be exploring the lives of two composers who
On this occasion, Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. And once again, we will be accompanied by a full orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra. And the orchestra will be conducted by very much friend of the show, Oliver Zeffman.
That's right, Tom. And here is the really, really good news. The very last tickets have just been released and there are still one or two available. And they are both for the matinee and for the evening performance. So if you're an early bird or a night owl, there are still tickets available for you. So that's The Rest Is History live at the Royal Albert Hall on the
the 4th of May, so only a few weeks away, and we will be covering the lives of Tchaikovsky and Wagner. And if you want to snaffle up those last remaining tickets, go to therestishistory.com. That's therestishistory.com.
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Hello, it's Steph McGovern and Robert Peston from The Rest Is Money here. Now, it's absolute carnage at the minute on the stock market across the world, all thanks to Donald Trump and his tariffs. So this week, we've gone daily. We're going to bring you shorter episodes every lunchtime. Just trying to make sense of it all because, Robert, I mean, we've been in crises before, haven't we? Yeah.
Yeah, I mean, I've been at the front line of reporting financial crises for decades, from Black Monday in 1987, through the global financial crisis, through the COVID crisis. I mean, you know, the list goes on. This is a unique crisis because it is driven by one man, Donald Trump. But it does share lots in common with those sagas we have lived through before and ever.
As we know, although what people see is falling share prices, it is to an extent what goes on in debt markets, financial markets, which is more important to our prosperity. And we are seeing absolute turmoil in bond markets, for example. So this is going to affect
every part of our lives. Yes, and so we'll be looking at things like what do we think is going to happen next? How much pain is Trump willing to take? And what similarities are there with things like the credit crunch that you and I covered together? So to try and make sense of all of this, join us on The Rest Is Money wherever you get your podcasts.
Hello, welcome back. We are at dawn, Monday the 25th of September, 10.66. Harold Hardrada presumably waking up perhaps with a slightly sore head. There has been much drinking and feasting and fooling. And he must think everything has gone absolutely brilliant. All he needs to do is go back to the meeting place outside York, pick up his sausages, pick up his supplies, and go back to his house.
And then he can turn south and he divides his army, doesn't he? So a third stay behind at Reckall to guard the ships. And those who are left behind include his son Olaf and his pledged son-in-law, Einstein.
And then the other 8,000, he and Tosti will take them to go and get the hostages and the supplies and things. And we know that it's unseasonably warm. So the Heimskringler, the weather was uncommonly fine and the sun was very hot. So the men laid aside their armor and went ashore only with their shields, helmets, spears and swords.
and many had also bows and arrows and they were all very merry. So heading off without your armour, what could possibly go wrong? So Tostig, we're told in the sagas,
says, what are we doing? Let's take the armour with us. It's mad to leave our armour behind in enemy territory. I fear you've lost your wits. So his people skills kicking in again there. And we are told that everybody hates Tostig so much that, quote, nobody would listen to him. I love that detail. Now, the thing is, Tostig, of course, at this point is redundant.
Really, there's no point in Tostig anymore. But you might say, worse than redundant, that he's an active problem because everyone in York hates him. Exactly. So it doesn't surprise me that nobody listens to him. I mean, at this point, if you're Harold Hardrada, you're probably thinking, well, I'm going to get rid of this bloke pretty soon because I don't need him anymore.
Do they leave their armor behind? There are some people who think they wouldn't. So there's a guy called Tom Shippey, great scholar of Norse literature, great Tolkien scholar, who says in his book, Laughing Shall I Die, he says, it's just not plausible that Harald Hardrada would have left his armor behind. This feels like a detail invented by saga writers to excuse his defeat.
It's basically like saying you wore the wrong boots in a football match that you were expected to win. Who knows? Let's assume they did leave their armor behind because the sagas are so, they emphasize it again and again. They set off towards Stamford Bridge. Now this is 15 miles away. Some of them would have had horses. Most of them wouldn't. So they're proceeding probably at walking pace on what we're told is a hot day. Don Holway in his book, The Last Viking about Harold Hardrada estimates that this would have taken them probably five hours or so. So in other words, they probably get to Stamford Bridge when the
when the sun's at its height around midday. We've already heard they were very merry. Of course, they're in good form. They've beaten the only army in the north of England. There's no real threat to them. They've had a great night of feasting.
And we know that they haven't sent out any scouts or patrols because they don't really need to. Now, we're told they get to this bridge across the River Derwent. It's a wooden bridge going kind of east to west. Kind of rough boards across with gaps in. With gaps, yeah, through which you could stick a sword or spear, in fact. Potentially, if required. So they cross the bridge from the southeastern side to the northwestern side. And now we're told in the sagas comes the key moment as they see a kind of dust cloud that
on the western horizon coming from the direction of York. And Harold Hardrada says to Tostig, what is this, horsemen? And Tostig said, oh, well, this must obviously be the group bringing the hostages, or maybe it's a party of kind of bigwigs from York who've come to pay you, you know, homage, to bend the knee, as it were.
And then the wonderful bit from Snorri, the nearer this force came, the greater it appeared and their shining arms glittered like a field of broken ice. Wonderful description, isn't it? And you get this sense in the sagas of Harald Hardrada watching this force appear and the light glittering on the tips of the spears and this...
dreadful sinking feeling when he realizes I've made a really dreadful mistake here because these are not the hostages. This is an army. This is really one of the most dramatic moments
breathtaking, unexpected moments in all English history, I would say. And one of the most iconic exchanges in all of English history. So who is this? It is, of course, Harold Godwinson, who's been waiting on the South Coast all summer to face the Normans. Now, there are two versions of what has happened here. Here's the one that is the one that you learn as a child in school and is the really exciting one. Remember, Harold Godwinson released his men to bring in the harvest on the 8th of September and went back to London.
In the sort of legendary version of the story, he hears on the 19th that Hardrada and Tostig have landed in the north. He immediately musters his men, what men he can, and then he starts riding out of London, gathering men as he passes. So that would be on the day of the Battle of Ful for the 20th of September. Now, normally that journey to York would take two weeks. And in the kind of legendary version of the story,
Somehow pushing his men beyond the limits of endurance, he does it in four and a half days.
And for historians who love Harold Goldwinson, they say, come on, this bloke is brilliant. He's a brilliant general. He's a great organizer. And what an inspirational Churchillian figure he must be to push his men to cover such a distance in so short a time. But the trend among more modern historians, more recent historians, is to say, come on, if it takes you two weeks, you're not going to do it in four days. That's just not plausible. But I think they can be discounted. You think so? Yeah, I do.
The cynic's explanation is that actually Harold Goldwinson left much earlier, that probably he had word that Hardrada had first entered the Humber and then he started mastering his men and probably it did take them about two weeks. So maybe they're not quite as exhausted. But also bear in mind, you know, we were talking in the last episode about the incredible military apparatus that an English king can command. He can command people from the north.
Yes, of course. You know, there are deep preserves of manpower. They haven't all been wiped out at Fulford. So, you know, I assume...
He could do what seems to have happened in the wake of Stamford Bridge, which is he has a cavalry force. And as he goes, he raises men who then accompany him. That's quite possible too. That is absolutely possible. Either way, by the evening of the 24th of September, so the previous evening to the day that he meets Hardrada, by that evening, he has reached the village of Tadcaster, which is 10 miles southwest of York, having covered a distance of almost 200 miles. He will undoubtedly by this point have heard about Edwin and Morkar being defeated.
He will have heard that York has surrendered. And what he does is he waits. He allows Hardrada to have his feast, to feast at the ships. He keeps a low profile. Then when door breaks, while Hardrada's off walking through the countryside with no armor, Harold Goldwinson marches into York
But it doesn't stop there, which you might expect him to do. He keeps going. He obviously is told Hardrada's going to Stamford Bridge to get the supplies and the hostages. And Godwinson says, right, I'm going there too. And we will intercept him there. It's a bold call. He's going to risk it all on one battle. I mean, this is what people keep doing in this story, isn't it? So.
This is what Hardrada sees coming in the distance. Harold Godwinson with the English army, and they're flying Godwinson's war banner, which is a red flag embroidered with a white fighting man. Yeah, the fighting man of Wessex. Love it. So Hardrada thinks, oh no.
Oh, God. Because the Englishmen have more men. They have 12,000 men. He perhaps has 8,000. And if we can believe the sagas, his men have, by and large, left their armor behind. So what's Hardrada do now? Now we're dependent completely on the sagas, really. The sagas say he sent three men. He said, bring my three fastest riders and sent them back to Rickle for help. Get the rest of the men.
But if he did that, he must have known that that would take, even if they're riding really fast and then they basically move really quickly, it will take three, four hours for them to get to him. The key would be to find a bridge, say, and hold the bridge. If only there were a bridge that he could hold out at. And he says to his captains, the Englishman shall have a hard fray of it before we give ourselves up for lost. No question about that. Yeah. So now there are two great incidents that feel...
their very J.R.R. Tolkien or the stories of King Arthur or indeed the Norse myths. First of all, he wheels his horse to bring up his army and he says, bring forth the land waster, the raven banner. And at that point, his horse stumbles and throws him to the ground in front of his men, which is a terrible omen.
But he is quick-witted, as we know, and he says, ha ha ha, a fall is good fortune. And Dominic, that is something that will also be told of William landing at Pevensey. Yes, of course. And both these accounts derive from an account in Suetonius about Julius Caesar. So to be discussed. Well, this is the thing with all these stories, right? So what is going to follow in the sagas?
So many elements of this will be familiar to listeners from other battles and other such confrontations, because that's actually, of course, how the sagas worked. They worked there rather at Bond films. They have this, they have familiar elements that listeners, people listen to the stories, but,
They look forward to hearing the bit where the king is going to fall off his horse and say, ha ha, that is good fortune. Because they like those elements of the story. I think also with Hardrada specifically, there's the issue of the land waster always guaranteeing victory to whoever has it. And so there is a need on this occasion to explain why that might not necessarily be the case. At this point, we hear Harold Goldwinson speak. And Harold Goldwinson says to his men,
Who was that tall man whose horse fell with the blue tunic and the beautiful helm? Now, he's talking, we're told, to Norsemen who are fighting for him. And that's not implausible, is it? I mean, these are not, you know, ethnically homogenous armies. Harold is half Scandinavian himself, Harold Godwinson. And these Norsemen apparently say, that was the king of Norway. And Harold Godwinson is given the splendid line, he looks like a grim and splendid man, but I think his luck has run out. Harold Godwinson...
in these epics. And I think you get the sense of him actually from contemporaneous accounts. There is a quality of Clint Eastwood in a spaghetti Western. He's very cool. And there's a kind of a dryness to his humor that seems authentic to the man. Well, we'll see in the next exchange, the great demonstration of this. And this, I have to say,
for me is one of the great conversations, one of the legendary conversations in all English history, not just medieval history, but all English history. And there are so many different versions in sagas and chronicles and things.
that there must be, I think, some kernel of truth here. And to be frank, I want there to be. But Dominic, remember that wonderful description of Harold Godwinson going through life with watchful mockery through ambush after ambush, which is contemporaneous. And there is a quality of that about this exchange, I think. Totally there is. So the English have halted. They've approached the Scandinavians. They
They're about two bow shots away, we're told, and a group of them ride forward with their banners flowing. I mean, this is absolute kind of Riders of Rohan kind of territory. Their leader, his face is masked behind a gilded helmet, and he calls out, Is Earl Tostig here? Tostig says, rather bizarrely, I cannot deny it. And this man says, Your brother King Harold greets you and sends you this offer. He would prefer not to fight you and offers you all Northumbria, a third of his kingdom.
Tostig, my brother should have offered me that last winter instead of his enmity and spite. That would have been better for England. And then Tostig speaks again. If I accept this offer, what will my brother give Harald, son of Sigurd, meaning Hardrada?
And then the Englishman has the absolutely excellent line. He will give him seven feet of English ground or more if he really is so much taller, but no more than that. So for his grave, for his grave. Now, Tostig, who has been a complete snake so far in the story, then he doesn't take the deal. He says, tell my brother to make ready for battle and never let men say that Tostig betrayed Harold Sigurdsson when he came west to fight for England.
For we have vowed to win the kingdom or die with honour. Now, the sagas who have no vested interest in being nice to Tostig, they're very kind to Tostig at this point. They're saying Tostig actually, you know, he doesn't take the deal. He doesn't betray Harold Hardrada. They do love an epic exchange, don't they? They love an epic exchange. And then the splendid bit, Hardrada, who hasn't understood a word of this because he doesn't speak English.
He says to Tostig, who was that man who spoke so fair? And Tostig says, that was my brother, Harold Godwinson. And Hardrada says, he is a small man, but he stood well in his stirrups. It's so brilliant, isn't it? Everybody is so great in this story. And those are the last words that will ever be spoken between the two brothers. And again, from Harold, you get this wit, this kind of defiant cool that you feel must be...
Must be true to the man. Why is this not the most popular Amazon TV drama of all time? So now they make their final preparations for battle. The English, remember, have about 12,000 men. The Norwegians, about 8,000. They have not been transformed by the same military revolution that has taken place in Normandy. So this is not going to be a battle with knights and with great cavalry charges and stuff. There is some of that in the sagas.
But most people think these are anachronisms. These are later embellishments borrowed from the Battle of Hastings. What's so amazing about 1066, isn't it, that you have a battle that could have been fought in the 8th century. Yeah. And you have this other battle at Hastings, which presages all the battles that will be fought over the course of the high Middle Ages. It's a year with dragon ships and with castles.
Yeah, exactly. It's like two time periods colliding. That's what makes it such a brilliant story. So the odds very clearly, if you think they're going to have, they've got the same military technology, they're both kind of tired. The odds clearly favour the English, especially if the Norwegians don't have any armour.
And in good epic style, the sagas have Hardrada murmuring, composing poems as he draws up his men. Tom Shipley's translation, I've slightly adapted it. At first, Hardrada says, forward we go in formation, without armour against blue steel edges. Helmets shine. I don't have mine. Now our armour lies down with the ships. Now this is quite depressing for him. Nice internal rhyme scheme though. Very nice. Very nice rhyme scheme.
But then apparently the saga says, Hardrada says, oh, come on, that's a bit defeatist. I'll compose a better verse. And this is Tom Shipp's translation again. Again, I've slightly adapted it. We should not creep into battle behind the hollow of our shields because of the crush of weapons. So commanded Faithful Hill, the Valkyrie. The woman once told me to hold my head high where ice blades meet skulls in the clash of swords.
And what that basically means is, let's do this. Let's do it straight. Let's not hide behind our shields. Let's meet this face on. Now, I don't think for a moment that Harold Hardrada is genuinely standing there composing poems. But I think this does capture something of the essence of the man. He is always a... I'm not sure about that. I think it's possible. We know from historical evidence much later, the Earls of Orkney. And they go on these kind of great expeditions.
and some of them are famous for composing extemporising poetry like this. So it's not impossible. This is great that you've dropped your scepticism. See, I want to dial up the melodrama. I think Harold Hardrod had definitely composed poems and these are those exact poems. Because I think the poems are likely to be more authentic than the actual details of the battle. Do you? Well... They're the kind of things that might have been preserved.
Well, on the details of the battle. So the Battle of Stamford Bridge, one of the great battles in English history. What do we know about it? If you read King Harold's saga, Snorri Sturluson, written in the 1230s, there are knights charging, people running away, all kinds of twists and turns. It's the Battle of Hastings. It's the Battle of Hastings. If you read the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, you're like, well, what did the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle say? I shall tell you what it said. It said they continued fighting all day.
Yeah. Come on. Give us more detail. Have you been to the site of the battle? I've never been there, no. It's basically a housing estate. So I went to have a look at it. There's a pub. There's a bridge. There's a little, there are kind of little hints of it, but it's quite hard to get a sense of the terrain. Please tell me there's a visitor center of some kind. No, I think there's a board. Oh, no. On the side of a kind of community center.
So there should be a virtual reality immersive experience. You know, be in the thick of the action. Yeah, ravens. Right. Whistling of arrows. Yeah, all of that. So let's go with the sagas. And try to, I'm just going to try to have some fun with the sagas and see what we think could have happened. Hardrada wants to hold off the English for as long as possible before, let's say, 4,000 men arrive from Rickle.
They'll take four hours, so he's got a long time to fight. But as you said, that bridge is going to come in very useful. So it's a narrow wooden footbridge, we're told. We're also told the banks of the river are too steep and the water is too deep to cross anywhere but the bridge. If you're on the other side, the English have to, they can only use the footbridge to cross. So he puts most of his men, the Sargas say, on the far sort of southeastern bank.
And then he orders his elite, his vanguard, his houseguards, his trained professional soldiers to form a shield wall at the far end of the bridge, the Western Bank. And basically, if they can hold the bridge, they will be all right. And then, say the sagas, there is this long struggle.
The English are firing arrows at them, throwing spears at them, basically trying to dislodge this shield war from the narrow footbridge. Because once they've got the bridge, they can then pour across and attack the rest of the Norwegians. And in the English sources that we have, later chronicles, let's say 100 years later, some of them, they tell the story. Again, it does feel a little bit like a well-known formula.
That one by one, the Norsemen are whittled down until there is just one anonymous Norseman holding the bridge alone against the English. So this is Henry of Huntingdon. He was born about 1088. So he's born about 20 years after the battle.
Might he have heard eyewitness accounts? I mean, it's hard to know. But anyway, this is what he says. A single Norwegian whose name should have been remembered posted himself on the bridge and chopping down more than 40 English with a battle axe, his country's weapon, halted the advance of the whole English army.
And this is William of Malmesbury. And you said, Tom, I think that he's about the same generation, isn't he? So he might, again, just have heard eyewitness accounts. I mean, William of Malmesbury is a very great historian, probably the greatest English historian since Bede. So not to be discounted altogether. Well, let us believe him.
He says, given the chance to surrender and being assured that a man of such bravery could expect the greatest mercy from the English, he, this is this lone Norseman, ridiculed those who tried to bargain with him and scorned the cowards who were unable to overcome one man. And then this very memorable moment, one Englishman gets under the bridge. Some accounts say he sort of made a makeshift boat
boat for himself and is kind of floating under the bridge. And then he stabs his sword up through the planks of the bridge. That gap between the boards that we mentioned before? The gap between the boards into the Norseman's... Nether parts? Nether regions, exactly. The Norseman falls...
A great cheer erupts from the English army and then like kind of the orcs at the end of the Fellowship of the Ring, they pour across the bridge. Dominic, you're not comparing the English to the orcs. Yeah, but Tom, I don't actually think that. This is what a great historian does with his imagination. I'm seeing it from the Norwegian perspective. I just want to pay tribute here to my very first history teacher, Major Morris. He would narrate our stories, very like you, Dominic, but he was also a brilliant artist.
And he drew a picture of this sole Norseman standing on the bridge, smiting the English. And then he did one of the Englishmen in the boat gliding up to the bridge. And then he had an excellent drawing of the spear being shoved up through the gap. Oh, no way. And the Norseman, arms and legs going out. And I must have been, I don't know,
eight nine when I saw that and I've never forgotten it I can't compete with that because actually my art teacher when I was that age said I was the single worst person she'd ever taught in her 40 year career
Mrs. Salt. That was her verdict. So I can't compete with Major Morris, I'm afraid. So what happens next? The English have piled across the bridge. What can we tell from the sagas? What probably happened? Almost certainly the Norwegians would have formed a shield wall, a defensive shield wall and tried to hold out. And we can assume that effectively the English surrounded them again. And then Dominic has a great historian kind of entered into the mind of Harold's.
And if he has, should I read what this great historian, namely yourself, has written about it? So to explain, we're told in the sagas that Harold decides on one final charge without his helmet, without his armor. And again, yeah, it's the mark of a great historian, Thomas, is
Their use of the imagination as well as the sources. Yeah, so this is what you write in Adventures in Time. With two hands, he raised his huge steel ring sword and whispered one last prayer. Then with a terrible roar of berserker fury, he hurled himself into the fray. And as he raged and slew,
All his cares seemed to melt away, and he felt a lightness and joy he had not known.
for many years. So that's you inhabiting the mind of a berserker warrior. Unbelievable. But you know, it's method writing because I'm imagining my own mood before we do one of our Restless History live shows on tour. That is very much what you're like. You kind of froth at the mouth, don't you? Yeah. Well, read the next bit and people will see exactly what I'm like before a show. On he charged, his face a mask of dripping blood, a war cry on his lips, a battle song in his heart. He felt...
wonderfully happy. He had never been happier. That's literally how I feel just before we go on stage to answer the listeners' questions. What's your favourite historical dinner party? Who would win a fight between Jacko Macaco and Napoleon? Yeah, that's exactly how I feel.
How I feel. So this is literally what happened to Harold Hardrada, to be clear. In the sagas, he is killed either with an arrow or with a spear in the throat. I think these details are very clearly taken from the Battle of Hastings. But you know what, Tom? He deserves an ending like that. He does. I think he died just like Boromir at Parth Garland at the end of The Fellowship of the Ring. So I think he is surrounded by English bodies. He's in a pile of bodies.
He's peppered with arrows. And obviously, all of this is the stuff that Tolkien has saturated. Of course. I mean, it must be on Tolkien's mind, as Tom Shippey would, you know, I'm sure absolutely agree. Absolutely. So Harold Hardrada falls and dies, let us hope, in this incredibly dramatic and worthy way.
Snorri Sturluson says at this point, Harold Goldwinson paused and he said to the remaining Northmen and Tostig, who's still alive, we will give you peace and quarter if you surrender. And again...
tostik behaves very gallantly he says no i won't no let's let's finish this let's go to the end so there's a skull called arnold who's quoted by the sagas the gallant men who saw him fall would take no quarter him being herald hardrada one and all resolved to die with their loved king around his corpse in a corpse ring i think that's terrible yeah i think that's brilliant i think that's i actually almost started crying when i was reading that i was so moved
So by now, the Norwegian reinforcements are finally arriving, but it's far too late. Many of them are cut down too. And a few survivors, dozens, hundreds, it's hard to tell, do make it back to Rickle. They flee across the countryside. There's 24 ships.
go and it was 300 ships that had arrived, isn't it? Exactly. Harold, Hardrada and Tostig's sons were not in the battle. They'd stayed with the ships. And the next day they rode under flag of truce to York where Harold Gobinson had installed himself victorious. And he was as you would expect from Harold Gobinson, who's one of the greatest men who ever lived. He's very generous to them. And he says, look, you know, it's a fair fight.
You know, all's fair in love and war. You can sail back to Norway as long as you don't do this again. But he wants them to go. And as you said, Tom, it takes them only 24 of their 300 ships to take the survivors back because so many have fallen. And Dominic, to the land of the Northmen came only a tale from far off.
A rumour of the wrath and terror of Wessex. Oh, I love that. Is that you? No, it's from Tolkien. Oh, that's very good. Well done, Tolkien. It's the last sentence describing the Battle of Pelennor Fields. And I have replaced Gondor with Wessex. Oh, that's very good. So that's one for you, one for Tabby, and one for Tolkien fans everywhere. Crikey. Well, Tabby, Tolkien fans, and I are all delighted by that, I imagine. So...
This is the last gasp, Tom, of the Viking Age. Or is it? Well, is it? Is it, actually? Because you could make two arguments here. One, you could say the Viking Age is already over because, of course, Christianity has already begun to transform Scandinavia. We've had towns arriving in Scandinavia. We've got kings. The days of freebooting raiders are gone, actually. And Harold Hardrada, in many ways, is not a Viking.
The other way you could say it is actually the Viking age still has some time to run because there will be more Scandinavian attacks. Svein, who sensibly turned down Tostig's offer, he does actually launch two raids after the Norman conquest. And one of those has a very decisive impact on the course of William's reign, as we will see. It does indeed. And in fact,
I was surprised when I looked this up. The last really serious attack, it was as late as 1152. A guy called Einstein II, who was Harold Hardrada's great-great-grandson, raided the east coast of England. So retro, isn't it? You know, you're busy talking about the Crusades and things. Oh my God, it's a Viking. Come on, mate. It's the 12th century. But...
You can understand completely why people call Harold Hardrider the last Viking and why people always use this to end their kind of Viking survey books, because there is something about him, the mad adventures of his life, his travels, but also his sensibility, composing all these poems in the face of danger, kind of laughing uncontrollably for no good reason. I mean, I guess I would just stick up for The Earls of Orkney.
who do kind of hang around on the scene and continue to lead a Viking life, composing poems and going on expeditions and things. You've got to admit, Tom, they don't quite have the same cultural cachet as Harold Ardrada. No, they don't, but they are still around on the scene. Tom Shippey has a lovely line where he's talking about the way he dies. He says, even the way he dies at Stamford Bridge, this hubristic...
you know, end where he's left his armor behind or as he, let's assume he's left his armor behind and he's surrounded by the English, but he fights onto the end. Tom Shipley says, this feels like the embodiment of the Viking spirit, arrogant, unlucky, self-possessed to the last and accepting his fate with wry defiance. So that's the end of Harold Hardrada. But what of the victor? What of the man who's beaten him? I think Harold Goldwinson has won an astounding victory.
It is one of the greatest victories at this point in the history of the English people. I mean, surely equivalent to any of the victories won by Alfred or Athelstan. To have defeated a Norwegian army led by arguably the most famous warrior in Northern Europe, in all Europe, to have killed him, to have won such a crushing victory, there is no chance the Norwegians will come back.
I mean, Norway is out now. It is a great tribute to the potency of Anglo-Saxon arms. And to Harold Goldwinson's leadership, actually. Absolutely. When you combine able leadership with the military resources of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom, Stamford Bridge is evidence that everything is fine, that it's ticking along. Well, I mean, Harold Goldwinson can feel very, very pleased with himself. For a few days, he remains in York to rest. You can imagine his...
overwhelming relief. He's had months of waiting, months of uncertainty, and he knows now, for the time being, his kingdom is secure and his crown is safe. And by now it is well into the autumn and people just don't sail in, you know, with huge expeditions in this kind of, this time of year. And then at the turn of October...
a messenger arrives in York. And when he's shown in to see Harold Goldwinson and he stammers out the words of the message, the blood drains from Harold's features because Tom, against all the odds,
William of Normandy has landed at Pevensey. And now for Harold and for the English, the road leads to Hastings and our final showdown. Unbelievable tension. I mean, who would not want to hear that episode right now, to be honest? And if you're a member of the Restless History Club, the house culls of our podcasters, we like to think of them, you can. And if you're not, then you can sign up at therestlesshistory.com and
And join us for Slaughter at Senlac Hill. And all that thrilling bombshell. Goodbye. Goodbye.