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cover of episode Dr. Robert Lustig: How Sugar & Processed Foods Impact Your Health

Dr. Robert Lustig: How Sugar & Processed Foods Impact Your Health

2023/12/18
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Huberman Lab

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People
A
Andrew Huberman
是一位专注于神经科学、学习和健康的斯坦福大学教授和播客主持人。
R
Robert Lustig
Topics
Andrew Huberman:普遍认为肥胖是能量平衡的问题(卡路里摄入和消耗),但这种观点忽略了不同食物类型对新陈代谢的影响。 Robert Lustig:卡路里消耗是相同的,但卡路里摄入并非如此,因为不同食物的代谢方式不同。膳食纤维会形成屏障,阻止部分卡路里的吸收,这些卡路里会被肠道菌群利用。摄入含有纤维的食物,部分卡路里会被肠道菌群利用,而不是被身体吸收。蛋白质的代谢需要消耗额外的能量,因此摄入蛋白质的卡路里实际利用率低于碳水化合物。食物的热效应会影响卡路里的实际吸收率,蛋白质的热效应最高。不同类型的脂肪对健康的影响差异巨大,例如ω-3脂肪酸有益健康,反式脂肪酸则有害。果糖对人体没有必需的生化反应,但其摄入量却大幅增加,且具有成瘾性。果糖会抑制三种对线粒体功能至关重要的酶,从而影响新陈代谢健康。长期摄入高糖食物会对代谢健康产生负面影响,最终危害健康。食品行业对卡路里、脂肪和糖的描述存在误导性,不利于消费者健康。适量摄入加工食品中的果糖是可以接受的,但应避免将其作为主要食物来源。果糖本身无害,但其在不同食物中的含量和伴随的纤维含量会影响其对人体的健康影响。摄入果糖会对尿酸水平、线粒体功能和肠道健康产生负面影响。果糖在肠道中部分转化为脂肪,并可能导致肠道通透性增加。果糖会破坏肠道紧密连接,导致肠道通透性增加,引发炎症。肠道菌群的健康与肠道屏障功能密切相关,摄入足够的纤维可以维持肠道菌群的健康。适量摄入加工食品中的果糖是可以接受的,但应避免将其作为主要食物来源。间歇性禁食可能对肠道健康产生双重影响,既可能损耗肠道内壁,也可能促进肠道内壁的修复。适量摄入加工食品中的果糖是可以接受的,但应避免将其作为主要食物来源。食品行业在面包中添加糖分以延长保质期。不同类型的糖(如蔗糖、高果糖玉米糖浆)中果糖的含量不同,对人体的健康影响也不同。应避免使用“糖”这一含糊不清的词语,而应使用更精确的术语,如“蔗糖”。蔗糖和高果糖玉米糖浆对人体的代谢影响不同。食品行业有意在食品中添加糖分,以增加其销量和消费者对它的渴望。单纯依靠个人责任无法解决食品行业造成的公共健康问题。慢性疾病的根源在于细胞内的线粒体功能障碍。食品环境(食物沙漠和食物沼泽)会影响人们做出健康饮食选择的能力。个人的饮食选择会对他人造成影响,例如增加医疗保健成本。糖尿病的发病率正在上升,这与糖的摄入量增加有关。食物的定义是能够促进生物体生长或燃烧的物质。高加工食品会抑制细胞的燃烧和生长过程。降低胰岛素水平是减肥的关键,而减少精制碳水化合物和糖的摄入是降低胰岛素水平的有效方法。NOVA食品分类系统可以帮助人们区分不同程度加工的食品,从而做出更健康的饮食选择。肉类、鱼类和蛋类的营养价值取决于其来源和加工方式。适量摄入加工食品中的果糖是可以接受的,但应避免将其作为主要食物来源。血糖指数(GI)和血糖负荷(GL)的概念存在缺陷,不应作为膳食指南。 Robert Lustig:摄入碳水化合物(例如面包)的卡路里实际利用率是多少?胰岛素是血糖调节的关键激素,但过高的胰岛素水平会对代谢健康产生负面影响。胰岛素的主要作用是储存能量,而不是燃烧能量。肌肉对胰岛素的依赖性较低,可以直接吸收葡萄糖作为能量。胰岛素本身会对肾脏造成损害,即使血糖水平正常。细胞的生长和燃烧是由不同的信号通路调控的,胰岛素主要促进生长。氧气是细胞燃烧和生长的关键因素,缺氧会促进细胞生长。

Deep Dive

Chapters
This chapter explores the complexities of calorie counting, challenging the common belief that a calorie is a calorie. It examines how different macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrates) and fiber are processed differently by the body and affect caloric intake and metabolism. The role of fiber in reducing absorption is highlighted, along with the thermic effect of food and its impact on overall energy balance.
  • A calorie is a unit of energy, but a calorie eaten is not always a calorie utilized.
  • Fiber reduces caloric absorption.
  • Protein has a higher thermic effect than carbohydrates.
  • Fat has little to no thermic effect.

Shownotes Transcript

In this episode, my guest is Dr. Robert Lustig, M.D., neuroendocrinologist, professor of pediatrics at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and a bestselling author on nutrition and metabolic health. We address the “calories in- calories out” (CICO) model of metabolism and weight regulation and how specific macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrates), fiber and sugar can modify the CICO equation. We cover how different types of sugars, specifically fructose, sugars found in liquid form, taste intensity, and other factors impact insulin levels, liver, kidney, and metabolic health. We also explore how fructose in non-fruit sources can be addictive (acting similarly to drugs of abuse) and how sugar alters brain circuits related to food cravings and satisfaction. We discuss the role of sugar in childhood and adult obesity, gut health and disease and mental health. We also discuss how the food industry uses refined sugars to create pseudo foods and what these do to the brain and body. This episode is replete with actionable information about sugar and metabolism, weight control, brain health and body composition. It ought to be of interest to anyone seeking to understand how specific food choices impact the immediate and long-term health of the brain and body.

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Timestamps

(00:00:00) Dr. Robert Lustig

(00:02:02) Sponsors: LMNT & Waking Up

(00:06:41) Calories, Fiber

(00:12:15) Calories, Protein & Fat, Trans Fats

(00:18:23) Carbohydrate Calories, Glucose vs. Fructose, Fruit, Processed Foods

(00:26:43) Fructose, Mitochondria & Metabolic Health

(00:31:54) Trans Fats; Food Industry & Language

(00:33:55) Sponsor: AG1

(00:37:04) Glucose, Insulin, Muscle

(00:42:31) Insulin & Cell Growth vs. Burn; Oxygen & Cell Growth, Cancer

(00:51:14) Glucose vs. Fructose, Uric Acid; “Leaky Gut” & Inflammation

(01:00:51) Supporting the Gut Microbiome, Fasting

(01:04:13) Highly Processed Foods, Sugars; “Price Elasticity” & Food Industry

(01:11:51) Processed Foods & Added Sugars

(01:14:19) Sugars, High-Fructose Corn Syrup

(01:18:16) Food Industry & Added Sugar, Personal Responsibility, Public Health

(01:30:04) Obesity, Diabetes, “Hidden” Sugars

(01:34:57) Diet, Insulin & Sugars

(01:38:20) Tools: NOVA Food Classification; Perfact Recommendations

(01:43:46) Meat & Metabolic Health, Eggs, Fish

(01:46:44) Sources of Omega-3s; Vitamin C & Vitamin D

(01:52:37) Tool: Reduce Inflammation; Sugars, Cortisol & Stress

(01:59:12) Food Industry, Big Pharma & Government; Statins

(02:06:55) Public Health Shifts, Rebellion, Sugar Tax, Hidden Sugars

(02:12:58) Real Food Movement, Public School Lunches & Processed Foods

(02:18:25) 3 Fat Types & Metabolic Health; Sugar, Alcohol & Stress

(02:26:40) Artificial & Non-Caloric Sweeteners, Insulin & Weight Gain

(02:34:32) Re-Engineering Ultra-Processed Food

(02:38:45) Sugar & Addiction, Caffeine

(02:45:18) GLP-1, Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy, Tirzepatide), Risks; Big Pharma

(02:57:390 Obesity & Sugar Addiction; Brain Re-Mapping, Insulin & Leptin Resistance

(03:03:31) Fructose & Addiction, Personal Responsibility & Tobacco

(03:07:27) Food Choices: Fruit, Rice, Tomato Sauce, Bread, Meats, Fermented Foods

(03:12:54) Intermittent Fasting, Diet Soda, Food Combinations, Fiber, Food Labels

(03:19:14) Improving Health, Advocacy, School Lunches, Hidden Sugars

(03:26:55) Zero-Cost Support, Spotify & Apple Reviews, YouTube Feedback, Sponsors, Momentous, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

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