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cover of episode How Different Diets Impact Your Health | Dr. Christopher Gardner

How Different Diets Impact Your Health | Dr. Christopher Gardner

2025/5/12
logo of podcast Huberman Lab

Huberman Lab

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A
Andrew Huberman
是一位专注于神经科学、学习和健康的斯坦福大学教授和播客主持人。
C
Christopher Gardner
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Christopher Gardner: 我认为没有一种放之四海而皆准的最佳饮食。人类具有惊人的适应能力,可以适应各种不同的饮食模式,例如塔拉乌马拉印第安人的玉米豆类饮食和阿拉斯加因纽特人的高脂肪高碳水化合物饮食。然而,现代的标准美国饮食却因其高加工食品含量而成为例外,它对健康有害。虽然不同人群可能对某些特定饮食模式反应不同,但这主要是因为加工食品而非饮食模式本身。 我做过许多研究,比较不同饮食模式对健康的影响,例如低碳水化合物饮食、低脂肪饮食、素食、纯素食和杂食性饮食。这些研究表明,关键在于避免加工食品,而不是严格遵循某种特定饮食。 乳糖不耐受就是一个很好的例子,它说明了基因和饮食之间的相互作用。虽然大多数人成年后会失去消化乳糖的能力,但北欧人却进化出了持续产生乳糖酶的能力,这与他们的饮食习惯有关。 关于麸质不耐受,我认为这与美国单一小麦种植和过度食用小麦有关。美国人食用的谷物中90%是小麦,这导致许多人对麸质产生不耐受。 至于食品添加剂,它们对健康的潜在影响很难进行研究,因为很难隔离变量并确定明确的健康结果。NOVA分类法是一种评估超加工食品的方法,它不依赖于营养成分的具体含量,而是关注食品加工程度。许多食品添加剂是为了改善食品的外观、口感和气味,而不是为了营养价值。 完全禁止所有食品添加剂是不现实的,因为这会严重影响食品供应和人们的饮食选择。我们需要与食品行业合作,改进食品配方,减少不必要的添加剂。 我的研究表明,以植物性食物为主的饮食对健康有益,但这并不意味着必须完全素食或纯素食。关键在于选择全食物,并控制加工食品的摄入量。 关于蛋白质需求,传统的氮平衡研究方法存在局限性,因为它是在人工环境下进行的。美国人的平均蛋白质摄入量已经超过了推荐的每日摄入量。过量的蛋白质不会储存起来,而是会被转化为能量或其他物质。植物性食物并非缺乏必需氨基酸,只是其氨基酸比例与动物性食物不同。 在双胞胎研究中,纯素食组在八周内取得了积极的健康结果,包括体重减轻、LDL胆固醇降低和空腹胰岛素降低。然而,这并不意味着每个人都应该完全素食。 关于发酵食品,我们的研究表明,食用低糖发酵食品可以改善肠道菌群多样性和降低炎症标志物。然而,纤维的益处则更为复杂,这取决于个体的肠道菌群多样性。 总而言之,没有一种放之四海而皆准的最佳饮食,关键在于选择健康、美味、可持续的食物,并根据个人的需求进行调整。我们可以通过与厨师合作,在学校、医院等机构中推广健康美味的饮食,从而促进公众饮食习惯的改变。 Andrew Huberman: 我同意Gardner博士的观点,即没有一种放之四海而皆准的最佳饮食。不同的人可能对不同的饮食模式反应不同,这取决于他们的基因、代谢和生活方式。 我个人尝试过多种不同的饮食模式,包括素食、纯素食和生酮饮食,最终找到了适合自己的饮食模式。我认为,关键在于找到一种自己能够长期坚持的饮食模式,而不是盲目追求某种特定的饮食模式。 我赞同Gardner博士关于加工食品的观点。加工食品中含有大量的添加剂、色素和防腐剂,这些物质对健康有害。我们需要减少加工食品的摄入量,并选择更多新鲜、天然的食物。 关于蛋白质需求,我赞同Gardner博士的观点,即美国人的平均蛋白质摄入量已经超过了推荐的每日摄入量。过量的蛋白质不会储存起来,而是会被转化为能量或其他物质。 我个人认为,以植物性食物为主的饮食对健康有益,但这并不意味着必须完全素食或纯素食。关键在于选择全食物,并控制加工食品的摄入量。 我赞同Gardner博士关于发酵食品的观点。发酵食品可以改善肠道菌群多样性和降低炎症标志物。我个人每天都食用低糖发酵食品,并从中受益匪浅。 总而言之,我认为饮食的关键在于平衡、多样化和可持续性。我们需要找到一种自己能够长期坚持的饮食模式,并根据个人的需求进行调整。 supporting_evidences Christopher Gardner: '...the world's all sort of centering on an unhealthy diet that is convenient and it's inexpensive and it's available and it's addictively tasty and it's problematic...' Christopher Gardner: '...I am sure that there are different diets for different people. But at the end of the day, it's just not the packaged processed food that the whole world is leaning towards.' Christopher Gardner: '...the only classic example that's well-established is lactose intolerance and lactase, and Northern Europeans developing the ability to continue making the enzyme lactase to break apart the molecule lactose well into adult life...' Christopher Gardner: '...Americans eat wheat. I actually had to do a paper one time where we were sort of trying to determine how much protein came from different sources...' Christopher Gardner: '...don't concern me more than any of the other things that are in the package processed foods, and partly because those are almost impossible to study...' Christopher Gardner: '...the NOVA classification is agnostic to nutrition. He doesn't care how much fat or cholesterol or fiber is in there...' Christopher Gardner: '...that would wipe out 60% of what's in a grocery store right now...' Christopher Gardner: '...it's a whole food, plant-based diet, which does not mean vegan and doesn't mean vegetarian, but could...' Christopher Gardner: '...there's no place to store it...' Christopher Gardner: '...plants are better sources of protein than most people think...' Christopher Gardner: '...the vegans lost a little weight more than the other group, and they lowered their LDL cholesterol, and they lowered their fasting insulin...' Christopher Gardner: '...the microbial diversity increased, the markers of inflammation decreased...'

Deep Dive

Shownotes Transcript

My guest is Dr. Christopher Gardner, Ph.D.), professor of medicine and director of nutrition studies at Stanford. He is known for his pioneering research on the impact of dietary interventions on weight loss and health.

We compare ketogenic, vegetarian, vegan and omnivorous diets—and why there is no one-size-fits-all approach. All agree, however, that eliminating or dramatically reducing processed foods is best for health.

We discuss the protein needs controversy; plant vs. animal proteins; the importance of fiber and low-sugar fermented foods for gut health and inflammation; and how diet affects gene expression. We also review food allergies—including gluten, wheat, dairy and soy—as well as raw dairy.

The episode offers data-supported advice for healthier eating.

Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com).

Thank you to our sponsors

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Timestamps

00:00:00 Christopher Gardner

00:02:32 Is there a Best Diet?, Individual Needs, Geography & Diet, Lactose

00:11:02 Sponsors: Eight Sleep & Mateina

00:13:49 Raw Milk, Lactose Intolerance

00:20:33 Wheat Allergies, Gluten Intolerance; Celiac Disease

00:25:12 Processed Foods, Food Dyes, Research Outcomes, NOVA Classification, GRAS

00:33:44 Processed Foods, Economic & Time Considerations, US vs European Products

00:39:59 Food Industry Funding, Investigator Influence, Equipoise, Transparency

00:50:10 Sponsors: AG1 & BetterHelp

00:53:11 Industry Funding, National Institute of Health (NIH)

00:56:41 Whole Food, Plant-Based Diet; Diet Comparison, DIETFITS, A TO Z Study

01:10:24 Nutrition Naming, Omnivore, Meat, Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO)

01:17:14 Transforming American Diet; Taste, Health & Environment

01:22:26 Sponsor: LMNT

01:23:43 Food Preparation, Chefs, Improve School Food

01:29:54 Scalability, Mega-Farms, Small Farm & Farmer Loss

01:34:25 Protein Requirements, Dietary Protein Recommendations, Standard Deviations

01:45:33 Protein & Storage

01:52:12 Plants & Complete Proteins?, Legumes, Bioavailability

02:01:58 Sponsor: Levels

02:03:17 Beyond Meat, Impossible Meat, Ingredients, Sourcing Meat, Salt

02:09:18 Vegan vs Omnivore Diet, Twin Study, Cardiometabolic Markers, Genes, Microbiome

02:20:24 Health Science Communication, DEXA; “Protein Flip” Diet; Food Patterns, Caloric Intake

02:31:29 Microbiome, Inflammation, Fiber, Tool: Low-Sugar, Fermented Food

02:45:32 Acknowledgements

02:47:55 Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

Disclaimer & Disclosures)