Discard Anthropology (GARBAGE) Encore with Robin Nagle
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the trashiest episode of Ologies ever made. This is another one of those years in the making interviews. You're going to talk about it forever. So I came across this person's name in relation to garbage, and I thought, I must meet this garbage person. They seem great. They are a clinical professor at New York University's Liberal Studies Department. They teach on the topic of garbage. They have worked intimately with garbage. They did a TED

talk about garbage. They have three anthropology degrees from Columbia University and an undergrad in anthropology from New York University, and even authored the book, Picking Up, On the Streets and Behind the Trucks with the Sanitation Workers of New York City.

The perfect fit. Rubbish research is their life's work. So on a crisp fall day in Manhattan, I navigated the cobblestones to a conference room on the NYU City campus. And as a side note, this episode was recorded in 2022, but I'm sharing it with you again for Earth Day month because it's a favorite among the entire ology staff. And listeners say that it has impacted them for years. They think about it all the time. I love

love it. So yes, it was an autumn afternoon in 2022. And I routinely test for COVID for shoots and stuff. I had tested negative the day before, but I had been in an indoor gallery event that week. So I wanted to keep my mask on for our interview just in case because COVID is awful. But

but masks are easy. Oh, one other easy thing to do, if you don't mind, is maybe tell a friend about this podcast, Ologies. Or you can support by becoming a patron for a dollar a month at patreon.com slash ologies. Also, rating, subscribing, and leaving reviews helps the show so much, and I read every single one, such as this very recent one left by SJC Mudhud, who said, Allie is my new best friend, and I really can't help believing she makes this podcast for me,

and me alone. SJC Mudhut, it is all for you. Don't tell everyone else. Okay, on to the episode. Your brain is about to become a dumpster of facts about what people throw away, where garbage goes, who takes it there, finding treasure in landfills, when an item becomes garbage, what plastic you can actually recycle, and

burning trash, building on trash, cherishing trash, and more with professor, scholar, author, garbologist, discard anthropologist, one of the two, Dr. Robin Nagel. My name is Robin Nagel and my pronouns are any, all. Her most commonly used are she, her, so we'll go with that. The title of this episode, that's more ambiguous. But garbage-ology...

Not your favorite word, which I'm like, let's hear it. Because it is one of those words that it sounds like a company that makes garbage cans. Okay, I'll accept that. But as a description of what we could call a field of concern, of study, of crisis, of environmental, profound environmental relevance, it's too narrow because garbage is only one

way of thinking about waste, right? But is there a particular way that you describe your niche in anthropology?

Yeah, so it's kind of under the umbrella of what would be called applied anthropology. My goal in working with New York City Department of Sanitation is twofold. One is to help the public understand what it is to be a sanitation worker in the city, for the city, and why should you care to know that? And the other is to help the workforce recognize that

in which they are valuable on this meta level that sometimes they don't even necessarily acknowledge. I have said many times the sanitation department is the most important workforce in the city of New York. And

I get pushback even from people on the job. And I like it when I get pushback from them in particular, because then I launch into my whole rap about public health and the diseases that would make COVID look like a sneeze if garbage were not managed more or less very well. And I'm not saying it's perfect. We certainly had huge problems during the pandemic because of budget cutbacks and how the operational side of the job was thrown into chaos, not chaos, but chaos.

How do you prevent it from being thrown into chaos, right? So those realities are always out there. But if sanitation isn't on the street every day, New York is not the glittering global capital we imagine it to be. And, you know, I was thinking about it on the way over here, too,

The difference between focusing on the garbage, which is dirty, which is something we all fear, versus the sanitation, which is the solution. So do you find that the way that we talk about garbage versus sanitation really depends on if we're focusing on the good or the bad? Yeah.

I never thought of it that way. I like that distinction. And I think you've pinpointed a key element here, which is garbage equates with fear for fascinating reasons. But sanitation...

One of the challenges with the word is that we could use sanitation to only be talking about things like sewage, right? So when we say sanitation, do we mean garbage? Do we mean other forms of waste? Do we mean the kinds of protocols that are in place in medical facilities and healthcare? All of that has a sanitation connotation or context. So

Same with the word garbage, though. Like, what exactly do we mean by that word? Because it's a multifaceted category of material, and depending on how it's defined, that dictates, I'll say, what happens next and where it goes and what workforce is responsible for it and what harms does it cause or do we prevent it from causing, all by the definition. Right.

So to say something is discarded implies that it's useless to the person discarding it, but not inherently valueless. But garbage can mean food waste or useless stuff. But does even waste have an inherent value? We shall discuss. It also allows for thinking about forms of land, categories of people, ways of using time. Do we waste time? Do we save time?

Are we discarding time? Like it's just far more, it's a far broader and thus perhaps more exciting way to think about both the problem, the analysis, and then some of the potential solutions. How long have you been in this field? And why of all the fields of anthropology did you beeline for this one? Or did you ping pong around a bit? Well, my earlier work in anthropology was about religion, but I've always been intrigued by religion.

the problem of garbage in particular and waste in general. And when I had a chance to teach about it, I came up with a syllabus that became a class called Garbage in Gotham, the Anthropology of Trash. That's amazing. And one of the speakers was a sanitation worker I had met just on the street who took great care when recycling rolled out in New York City.

to customize the chrome on his truck and make it look like such a clean vehicle that you could not imagine putting garbage in the back because people were still throwing garbage in the back of his truck when it was supposed to be just recyclables and it really pissed him off. So he decided to address this himself and it got him a lot of really good media. So he was a guest speaker in my class, which was wonderful. But the more I learned about the job, the more

I realized, especially as an anthropologist, you can't just hear stories and then draw conclusions about what is essentially a subculture, right? It is its own world. So then I realized I had to do fieldwork in person, participant observation, the classic anthropology methodology. And then I realized no matter how detailed that work was,

I was not responsible for or even legally allowed to drive a truck. I wasn't on the job, right? If I said I'd be at a given garage on a given morning and I woke up that morning, I'm like, yeah, I don't feel like it, which I will admit once in a while that happens. My bad, but once in a while it happens. Well, no consequence to me except that I now have a reputation as being flaky. But there's no hammer falls. But if I'm on the job...

I have a legal obligation to be in that garage for roll call. The city has a legal obligation to make sure I am qualified to drive the truck, to operate the broom. Those kinds of far more detailed trainings and relationships

That's what I needed to do. So I went through the whole process. I took the test. I got hired. It took about a year from taking the test to actually getting hired because it's a very long, slow, tedious process, in part because the city of New York must make sure by its own metrics that you, the individual, are qualified and capable to do the job they're hiring you to do. Mm-hmm.

As we recorded this in Manhattan's Greenwich Village, trucks of all kinds, garbage and delivery rumbled outside. So just enjoy the New York ambiance. It's been a puzzle and a

Kind of an obsession of mine for as long as I can remember. Have you, before you got the job to do the research, had you ever driven anything bigger than like a U-Haul before? So my high school sweetheart, his dad owned a moving company. And so he taught me how to drive a double clutch Mac. Oh my God. But this was only the cab. I never had a trailer behind, but it was a blast. And he also taught me how to...

The beginnings of how to operate a bulldozer, which is not the same as an FEL, a front-end loader. Like each of these pieces of equipment requires specific skill and time and forms of knowledge that we don't acknowledge the expertise that is required to do those particular kinds of jobs really well. Like you can use a bulldozer to gouge them out of a landscape when you meant to have a nice smooth surface, right? And it

Same with driving a Mack truck, which is why I'm glad we didn't have a trailer when he's teaching me how to do the double clutch thing. So cool, that Mack truck. And then most of the cabs for sanitation trucks are also Mack, but they're all automatic transmission now. There are no more standard transmission trucks, which is probably just as well, but not great for fuel efficiency. But that's a whole other thing. But before you are able to

Drive a garbage truck. Do they let you do donuts in like a church parking lot? Like when you're 16 and you've got to figure out how to drive a car? So no, short answer. Longer answer. When I took the test for the permit for my commercial driver's license. Mm-hmm.

I already had a regular driver's license because I didn't grow up in New York City. So we actually did donuts on frozen parking lots in high school in the wee hours of the morning with no grownups around being a little bad, misbehaving children. So when I took the CDL and went through the training that sanitation offers, which is very thorough and meticulous, and then the road test and all of that, I was very nervous. But

But when I arrived for that first day of class, I'm sitting next to a young man, half my age, and he never drove anything before he got his CDL because he was born and raised in New York City where you don't really need a car the way a suburban high schooler or a teenager may need a car. In fact, I don't know if this is true, but I have read that

the rates of teenage mortality are lowest in New York City around the country because they're not driving cars. Yeah. Right. I checked into this and the state with the highest teen death rate

Not New York. The top three were Louisiana, Alaska, and Arkansas. So be careful on those roads, kiddo. You got to slow down, pay attention. You know what? Just a tip for me, designate a driver. My sister was the victim of a drunk driving accident when she was 16 and she was airlifted to a hospital. The windshield was shattered completely.

By her face, and luckily for us, she made it out and she is fine, but she was picking glass out of her forehead years later. The guy driving broke a bunch of his legs. So designate a driver or volunteer to be one for one of your friends who will love you all the more, knowing that they have a safe ride home during which they will not get killed or arrested. Just saying. And buckle up. Thank you. So...

I knew how to do donuts in a parking lot, right? But that doesn't mean you know how to do it with a garbage truck, with a collection truck. That's its own. I will say you do own the road in a collection truck because nobody wants to be near you. They don't know if you're empty or full. They just don't want to be anywhere near you. So you kind of are the king. Your majesty. Which was fun.

Robin's 2013 TED Talk is titled, What I Discovered in New York City Trash. And she explains that a childhood camping trip left a really deep impression. And by that, I think I mean it scarred her. But thankfully so for us. We got to our campsite. It was a lean-to on a bluff looking over a crystal beautiful lake. When I discovered a horror, behind the lean-to was a dump.

maybe 40 feet square with rotting apple cores and balled up aluminum foil and a dead sneaker. And I was astonished, I was very angry, and I was deeply confused. The campers who were too lazy to take out what they had brought in, who did they think would clean up after them? That question stayed with me, and it simplified a little. Who cleans up after us? Now, you mentioned that this was an early obsession for you,

Talking about the history of garbage, if we could go back, when does garbage start in humanity? I mean, we have probably piles of charred bones and things from dating back to the beginning of humans gathering. There have been garbage piles, right? Depends again on your definition of garbage. So one of the fun challenges is to decide when is it garbage, quotes around the word, and when is it

evidence, archaeological treasure, some kind of tidbit of a story of our own past. I did a lot of work before, just as part of the bigger project, with what's called the Human Relations Area Files, HREFs.

So the human relations area files are a compendium of ethnographic data cross-referenced around, you name the category, kinship, child rearing, economic, and to say economy, that's a huge subject. So underneath that, inheritance rules, ways of organizing what we might call religious belief and ceremony and ritual. And so I spent quite a while looking at

how cultures have dealt with waste, how do they define it, and what do they do about it. And one of the intriguing findings, I think, is that we've kind of never come up with a particularly great way of dealing with it. Some small-scale cultures, when it just got to be too much, they just upped and moved to a different location.

Others have buried it over time to the point where they raise their elevation. In fact, some of the older cities of the world, this is true in Rome and some of the other great cities in Europe and parts of Asia, some have specific scavenger species they rely on to take care of what we would call waste.

Putting it in a nearby waterway has been very fashionable for millennia. Wow. And not a problem until, of course, we, well, until many things came to pass. But when we were all smaller scale, it didn't decimate that waterway. We've burned it.

We've used it for fuel. We've ignored it. We have mapped it onto different classes so that if you are closer to a given form of waste through no fault of your own, you are considered sort of... There's a contagion kind of belief that goes with that and then your status within that culture is diminished. In other words...

We kind of only ever burn, bury, or dump in the water or give to scavengers. Recycling, we call it recycling, but before that word, it was just reusing something until it fell apart, right? Which we used to do more commonly. And now it's coming back almost through this...

And I don't mean this in a derogatory way, but this almost boutique-y DIY, like, look, I unraveled this old sweater and now I'm re-knitting with that yarn, which I think is really, really cool. It doesn't scale up necessarily, and that's a problem. If we want to solve the challenge, the problem that is solid waste, broadly defined, sweater unraveling by itself...

Let's put it this way. It's a good first step. You're doing great. And was there a really big difference in terms of how sanitation was handled pre and post-plastic era? Plastics have changed the whole game. We would like to believe that plastics are recyclable, but that's not really true.

they degrade each time they go through a recycling process. So after a few times through, you really only have a slurry that you can't build or do anything with and it ends up in an incinerator or landfill anyway. Mm-hmm.

Plastics also off-gas, always. So there's always some kind of chemical component that's inside the water of the plastic water bottle, inside the food in the plastic packaging, inside the baby's mouth when they're suckling on some plastic. So that's another...

waste product that is invisible to us but that is that we now carry in our bodies especially in our fat cells there is almost no species of being on the planet that does not have some of these so-called forever chemicals inside of ourselves all like name the animal name the insect those chemicals are present

These chemicals, I looked into it, are called per- and polyfluorinated alcohol substances, or PFAS. And there are close to 5,000 different types of PFAS. But one thing they have in common is that they don't occur in nature and bacteria can't break them down. And neither can fire or water.

Fun. Why don't you want such a hearty toxic compound in your system? Oh, just things like changes in liver enzymes, increased risk of high blood pressure or preeclampsia in pregnant people, small decreases in infant birth weights, increased risk of kidney or testicular cancer, increased cholesterol levels, and decreased vaccine response in children. According to the CDC's Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.

But wait, maybe we have a solution here. In August of 2020, a study was published called Low Temperature Mineralization of Perfluorocarboxilic Acids by some environmental chemists at Northwestern University who found that a few types of PFAS can indeed decompose using some inexpensive and easy to obtain reagents, sodium hydroxide and dimethyl sulfoxide, in case you're taking notes.

at about 248 degrees Fahrenheit, which is a relatively low temperature. That won't even bake a cookie. But the end product is non-toxic and benign. This is amazing. This just came out a few months ago. Did we fix forever chemicals? Not at all, not at all. This only works on certain types of PFAS

And environmental scientists still say to stop making and dumping them, like we learned in the oceanology episode. The first task in cleaning up the ocean is to stop letting so much trash into the ocean in the first place. Otherwise, you're just chasing your toxic tail. Oh, speaking of plastics. Plastics also connects to a kind of industrial process and complex of planned obsolescence and pollution.

trying to convince a larger public that each of us as an individual is responsible for making sure that plastic object goes into the right bin to be recycled, even though the recyclability of it is mostly a myth. But...

There was a deliberate campaign that started in the 1950s to teach us that we are the individuals responsible and by extension municipalities are responsible. The responsibility for sanitary refuse disposal falls upon every citizen. Not the manufacturers of those products. That changes everything. And the other problem with plastics, of course, among many others, is their longevity.

They don't biodegrade, or if they do, it's very, very, very slow. And meanwhile, they are contributing their chemical composition to these larger environments and animals. I just want to say one word to you. Just one word. Yes, sir. Are you listening? Yes, I am. Plastics. So, yeah, plastics has changed everything.

Does it change the way that you live your life or what you use? I think we're all so anxious about it. We don't know what to do. Yeah, no, that's a real problem. And especially this complete contradiction. I have been taught that I as an individual am responsible for saving the planet by making sure to recycle my plastics and glass and paper and metal. But...

I know, partly because I study it, and then other people know this sort of in their gut, like, yeah, this doesn't... I'm not sure... We've had recycling for a while now. I don't see the earth getting better, so what's going on? So it creates this cognitive dissonance. It erodes trust in the systems that are telling us to please recycle. I think that...

Learning the practice of recycling, being religious about it, no pun intended, I think that's important because it can create a push from the ground up, from those of us as individuals together to press for are there plastic polymers that could actually be recycled? Are there compostable plastics that could work in municipal compost systems? Because if something says it's compostable...

Okay, that's great, but compostable in what context? Through what specific mechanisms of heat and time? And those are built very carefully to account for whatever is the primary material you know you're going to be dealing with, like yard waste and food scraps. But if you add compostable plastic, that doesn't necessarily come out the other side as compost, but as still breaking down pieces of plastic that need a different system. So if enough of us are frustrated enough...

But we also practice this. We do recycle. That's a great raw material for what could become an effective political agitation to make plastic recycling real, if that's chemically possible. So it's time to get mad as hell, if you're not already, about a lot of stuff. And there are so many triangles with a number in the middle. Those don't mean anything. What? Well, let me back up.

They mean, they tell you the primary polymer component of that kind of plastic, but it does not mean it's recyclable. And in fact, the only ones that can go through the system a few times are numbers one and two, the PET and HDPE, high density polyethylene and I forget what PET stands for, polyethylene phthalate something.

PET, side note, stands for polyethylene terephthalate, and it's the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family, if it does say so itself. It's very common. PET isn't so much. It's in your clothes. It's in fiberglass. It's in a bunch of manufacturing items. But where you know it best is probably food containers while squinting at the bottom of them.

So the chasing arrow symbol was a college student who won an award when there was a design competition in the 70s to come up with some way of indicating recycling matters. But then it got co-opted and most people believe like if the chasing arrow symbol is on the bottom of a plastic container, well, it's recyclable. Yeah. Nuh-uh. Wow. Wow.

I've been lied to. Yes, you have. Oh, you have. We all have. That's what I talk about propaganda. That's what I mean. And it is a deliberate strategy of a conglomeration of corporations who go under the umbrella of keep America beautiful. My internal monologue here was like, what?

And yes, I looked it up. Keep America Beautiful is a nonprofit. It was founded in 1953 by the beverage and packaging industry and Philip Morris and other tobacco giants. So by campaigning to have volunteers picking up cigarette butts on their weekends, they could sway legislation away from smoking bans on beaches and in parks. So...

Pepsi, Coke, Nestle, McDonald's, Dow Chemical, and other places with deep pockets and high stakes fund Keep America Beautiful to make sure that the focus stays on litter and recycling and your personal responsibility instead of the responsibility of the manufacturers and the distributors of plastics themselves.

In the first place. And there's this one infamous 1970 Keep America Beautiful ad and an indigenous man wearing a fringed

buckskin pantsuit, rows his birchbark canoe down a river that's thick with trash and in the shadow of these billowing factories, so ominous. And he hauls his canoe onto a littered beach. And in a closeup, we see a single tear streaming down his face with the message. People start pollution. People can stop it.

That native actor, Iron Eyes Cody, side note, was actually not at all indigenous. He was Italian. His birth name was Espera Oscar de Corti. He lied his whole life about it. But the message, people start pollution, people can stop it. Does that include companies? The PSA seems to skirt over the American notion of corporate personhood. But if you don't own

a multi-billion dollar company that sells sugar water in plastic bottles, how much responsibility can a person bear? We can make a difference though, right? And so when you see, you know, three different trash cans, one says recyclables, one says composting, and one says landfill, which is like a good way to make you think like,

Am I going to be lazy and put it all in the landfill thing? You're like, no, that makes me a shitty person. I'm going to sit here and figure out which of these napkins is compostable. Do those things really make it to those destinations? It depends. Where are we talking about? Do we mean New York City?

They're called PSRR, public space recycling receptacles. They are collected by different trucks with different destinations. Oh, okay. The problem becomes, as you touch on, are those different bins contaminated? So for compost, does someone throw out the plastic water bottles or the plastic bag? Well, if it's contaminated beyond a certain point, you cannot take it to the recycling facility or the compost yard because it really now is just...

Same with recyclables. If you put too much food waste in the recycle bin, you gum up the works at the recycling facility. So, yes, it's going to go to the right place if we put it in the right bin. But then it's often very confusing. If you have a

single-use coffee cup from, you know, name the major barista source of coffee. It's a paper exterior. It's often a plastic-lined interior. And then you have the plastic of a different polymer that is the lid. Where does that go? I don't know. It depends on the system that a given collection process is using. Does the municipality take that plastic-lined paper and they do it through paper recycling? Or does that go through plastic recycling? No.

So there is no national standard,

Should there be? Maybe. If there isn't, that partly means that manufacturers can keep making it up as they go along. And then you have this plethora of materials that have no clear next step and also are very complex to break down into components that can be recycled. So you can check with your local regulations, but I just checked, I'm in California, and plastics with a one or two on them, it's called an SPI code for Society of the Plastics Industry, which sounds...

Very fake. But the SPI codes, one or two, chuck in the recycling bin. And I guess plastic bottles with codes three through seven can be returned to recycling centers and you may get a deposit back for them. But recycling cans and clean aluminum foil is...

Definitely possible. Electronic waste should never go into landfills, but recycling centers will take it. Batteries, same thing. And of course, recycling organic waste by composting is a great idea. Apparently 20% of the U.S. food supply is tossed away. It's about 96 billion pounds of food waste a year.

That plus yard waste is a third of what gets thrown into landfills. And I was like, well, at least that's biodegradable, right? Not as much as you think. When it gets tossed in a landfill, it makes way more methane gas, which is 23 times more potent than carbon dioxide in terms of greenhouse gases and global warming.

But when you're composting it, it's broken down aerobically because it's interfacing with oxygen more and it produces way less methane than when it gets tossed in a landfill. And you got a lawn to mow? Suburban dwellers, leave those lawn clippings right on the lawn. You don't have to rake them up. You don't have to go put them in a bin. Apparently it'll act as fertilizer. Your lawn's gonna love it. So now you don't have to get a bunch of cut grass up your nose, throwing it in the green bin. So you're welks.

But back to Manhattan. Now, getting back to you, just...

Going over cobblestone, driving a garbage truck. Is it called a garbage truck? Collection truck. A collection truck. And which, let me just add. Yeah. I find that the coolest euphemistic, it's quite real and a euphemism. I'm on collection. What do you collect? Old clocks? You know, like Barbie dolls? Cabbage patch dolls? Yeah, I'm on collection today. I do collection. But I am collecting garbage. So a collection truck. It's a very accurate term.

That is accurate. But it's also, it could mean so much else, right? I love that it's called that. And when you are collecting, were you collecting just the...

garbage bags on the side of the sidewalk, which by the way, as a Californian, as a West coaster, I'm like, oh, you just put the hefty bag on the sidewalk. It just goes on the sidewalk. There's no like cans to drag in necessarily. Depends on the neighborhood. Okay. Oh, okay. I didn't know that. Yeah. Do those get flung on the truck and sorted later or where does that go? So when you say sorted, what do you mean? Like, let's say that you've got a black plastic bag full of garbage.

Do, does that get opened and cans go one way? Robin was shaking her head no, like I had just landed from a distant utopian galaxy. No, that just goes landfill. Or incinerator. I'm sorry, waste to energy facility. Waste to energy facility. Is that, so yeah, walk me through a little bit what happens when you're a plastic bag on the sidewalk.

And where does it go when someone like you says, I'm here to make the city cleaner? It goes in the back of the truck. And then depending on what part of the city that truck is in, it will go to a transfer facility, meaning I'm now emptying the truck into a different point of its journey and then

In some cases, that next step is the last step. So in several different Manhattan districts, all of the household garbage goes to that waste to energy facility in Essex, New Jersey. It's a fascinating plant. I was lucky enough to have a tour last spring. And incineration is always the big bad guy in the room. However, and I'm going to get killed for saying this, but

In terms of what gets off-gassed and the kinds of pollutants that are released and the kinds of hazards that are created,

incineration by some arguments is a far better choice than a landfill. Wow. So if someone says to you, all right, we have to put a land, you're going to live downstream downwind from a landfill or an incinerator, pick one. I would pick the incinerator. Wow. Okay. And it's partly just what I've learned doing research on this for years. But then also seeing the kinds of standards that

those facilities are held to and the oversight that is imposed on them to make sure those standards are met. It's not perfect. Of course, I'm not saying that, but there is no perfect solution yet. And yeah, I would choose, oh man, I'm going to get absolutely slammed. But that's also, that's an informed opinion though. You know, it's informed and it's an opinion. But you write an opinion. Quite so. It's my opinion. Mm-hmm.

But so, all right, so from some districts it goes straight to that facility. Other districts it goes to a transfer station where it goes out by barge or by rail, and then it ends up in upstate New York or Virginia. There is no longer a location within New York City where we dispose of our own garbage. The last landfill closed in 2001 was Fresh Kills on the west central coast of Staten Island, Florida.

Yeah, so we send it far away. Last I knew, the recyclables, once they are sorted at facilities in Brooklyn and Queens and New Jersey, they go to nine different states for the next step of their processing. And with plastics, I understand that we sell our recycling overseas sometimes? We sent a lot of our plastics to China. And China...

said to us, okay, look, we have an agreement about rates of contamination that can only be a very, very small percentage. And you all are blowing that percentage over and over and over. And our side of the Pacific, we're like, yeah, okay, sorry, my bad. And we kept doing it. So China in 2018 finally said,

No more. We don't take it. Wow. And so it created a ripple across the world of recycling that is still, those ripples are still being felt because they were our primary buyer of plastics, plastic waste, recyclables. And so now where do they go?

could have sent that ripple back up the manufacturing process to be like, ah, maybe this is a good time to take a look at why we create so much plastic waste and figure out how to stop doing that. It hasn't yet had that impact. Was this from people who

Don't fully rinse the mayonnaise jar before tossing it in the... I think it was more than that. I think it was actually mixing plastics with really gross, shitty trash in big enough quantities that when you break open the bale of what's supposed to just be plastic and now you find stuff that... Not only can you not reprocess that, you're now putting those workers in harm's way. From what I understand, it was more than just...

Mrs. McGillicuddy did not rinse her yogurt container. Okay. Because every time I've got a peanut butter container, I'm like... Those are the worst, right? I know. I'm like, I got to get some hot water in this. You know what I mean? And then how much energy are you using to clean it versus how much energy is going to be used to recycle it, but really not... You're going to downsize. So I feel you. You are not the only person to wonder how clean is clean. And according to the employee-owned San Francisco Waste Management Company...

Recology, well done. They say, please empty all food residue and liquids from your food containers, from your cans, bottles, jars, before tossing them in the recycling container. And they say, for example, if there's a small amount of ketchup remaining in the bottle, give it a quick rinse to ensure you don't contaminate other recycled paper or plastic products.

And they suggest to conserve water, you can rinse the containers with sink water after you wash dishes. Just kind of like sploogy, sploogy in there. So if you have ever thrown away a squeeze bottle with two fingers of stubborn mustard at the bottom and then created a narrative that they probably like boil off the mustard, we have something in common. We were both wrong. Now, what about recycling in a less melt it down and reform it kind of way?

What about you on the collection route? Did you ever see like an antique hutch that you were like, well, holy shit, I'm going to come back here with a truck later and get that myself? All the time. Really? Oh yeah. And so that's a category of garbage called Mongo. And Mongo is either the thing itself or the act of deciding to retrieve that thing. My best ever was...

After a big snowstorm, when the whole workforce of the Department of Sanitation was put on snow removal, meaning they're not picking up the garbage. But we're still making the garbage. We never stop making the garbage. And it piles up and piles up and piles up. So finally, the streets are clear enough to put people back on. Then it's called chasing garbage. And I'm on a block behind the Dakota, the fancy apartment building on the Upper West Side. And...

And the pile is as high as my shoulder, and it's from one end of this long block to the other. And it's raining, and it's cold, and it's late in the day, and the truck is so full it's almost bulging. And we're done. We can't fit any more in the truck. And one of my partners, there's one bag. He just tosses one last bag. But he has a sense of where there might be something cool inside of a given bag.

So he opens it up, which you're not supposed to do, but he opens it up and inside, folded as if on someone's closet shelf, are a set of really beautiful clothing. Not fancy, but like high-end brands of jeans and shirts. And they all happen to be my size. And so he says, do you want this? I'm like, hell yes. So...

So I take those home. I did take them to the cleaners, you know. But then for years I had this really great wardrobe addendum that all came from somewhere in the... I mean, famous people live in the Dakota. I don't know. Maybe it was somebody's famous Lucky Brand jeans. I don't know. Anyway. That's a good find. It was a great find. I've found some great stuff. But then there are people who...

There's a fellow named Nelson Molina who was on the job for almost 35 years and he worked for the vast majority of those years in East Harlem and the Upper East Side. So his route is...

that district splits some of the wealthiest zip codes on the planet with housing projects and people who are not wealthy. And he has a very finely tuned sense of when there's something being thrown out that really does not deserve to be thrown out. And over his years on the job, he assembled this astonishing collection of tens of thousands of objects that he has on display. It's not open to the public.

We hope to fold it into what will eventually be the museum for sanitation. But between his genius for recognizing when there's something special in the trash and then his curatorial genius of how it's arranged, it's dazzling. My senses go off.

Look in the bag and boom, there it is. That was a clip from the 2015 film One Man's Trash, which was directed and produced by Kelly Adams. And I'll include a Vimeo link on my website. But it's delightful and charming and, dare I say, inspiring. So that's like Mongo madness, Mongo majesty, Mongo beauty. And the stuff that people threw out, baptismal certificates and wedding photos and...

really beautifully framed diplomas from high, like Columbia Law and Harvard, you know, like things you think, whoa, these are for life. In fact, one of the diplomas some journalists were through and they

contacted the woman whose name was on one of these fancy diplomas who's now living somewhere in Europe and they're like, you want it back? She's like, hell no, I threw it, I don't want it. What? Yeah, Nelson's collection is cool for many reasons, but one of them is it really asks you to think about

how these things that are treasures were defined as trash by somebody and why is it so easy to do that? And shouldn't there be other ways of ridding yourself of something you don't want anymore besides putting it on the curb for a garbage truck? And then what might those systems be? The challenge is time.

If Aunt Gladys dies and I'm her last living relative and I've got to clear out her apartment and it's 50 years of whatever were her treasures, but I don't want them, am I going to spend the weeks and weeks and weeks of finding those new homes or I'm just going to put it on the curb, right? Yeah, I'm going to put it on the curb. So, I mean, I, generically speaking. So it just points to the need for different systems, the question about our relationship to time in general, and then gratitude for Nelson's

stubbornness in deciding this treadle singer sewing machine with all its parts should not be in the trash or this film projector that can only show really, really, really old films. And look, there are the really, really old silent movies, right? Right. And like, and he has a whole wall of just Furbies and a whole other wall, just a Pez dispenser. So some of it is, you know, sort of lovely, silly things, but

He has a whole thing of photographs. You can spend a long time looking at the table of photographs. Who are they and why were those thrown out and who let go of them and are any of them still alive? And most of them have no identifying information. They're just pictures.

If you want to feel sad and scared and oddly invigorated, look up Swedish death cleaning, which is like Marie Kondo-ing your life, but while asking the question, do I want my bereaved loved ones sobbing into this casserole dish I never used? Unsure if they should give it a goodwill? So clean out your stuff so that other people don't have to make decisions for you after you die. It's pretty simple and the stakes seem very high, which is what I need to get motivated to clean out a cabinet.

On that note, a dear friend of mine recently went to an estate sale in LA and left with a box of items that they were going to throw in the trash. They were like, go ahead and take it. Seemed like it had some cool stuff in it.

Turns out the house belonged to a local archaeology professor and inside the box were some colorful pottery shards. And she asked me if I could find out anything about these pottery shards. And via social media, y'all connected me to an expert in this type of ceramics. And the box that my friend acquired from a late professor contained irreplaceable artifacts from a 1986 Central American archaeological dig.

And as my friend looked deeper in the box, she texted me,

in horror that there was a Ziploc of human bones from a burial ground in Guatemala. So this friend tried to save some pottery from a landfill and now we're literally working with the State Department and the consulate to repatriate human remains to Central America that should have never been in a box in a closet. So spring cleaning once a year. Let's go through all of our shit as if we were about to die.

Return your desecrated human remains back to their country of origin before a stranger accidentally buys them at your estate sale. Sell some sweaters on eBay. Put a lamp on Mercari. Marketplace, Craigslist, I don't care. Use the buy nothing groups on Facebook in your area. Do not accidentally hoard archaeological artifacts. Ever.

Has anyone ever teamed up with an economist to try to figure out how much wealth and resource is in the trash? What's the value of the trash?

So value defined by whom in what context. If I am running a private waste company, that trash is worth a lot of money to me. And if I am doing separation of its components and I can find ways to monetize what is otherwise just this clump of something smelly that we call garbage, there's a lot of wealth in that. The disconnect is...

the individual person is letting go of that wealth and then somewhere in its next step, somebody else is deciding, no, no, there's gold in them, they're bags. But what is the value and who owns it once it's discarded? Right, and who decides what that value is. In terms of who owns it, and we're talking a lot about New York because it's the situation I know best, but once it's on the curb, if it's municipal waste, it belongs to the city of New York. You don't own it anymore. Right.

New York City owns it. And there have been legal tug of wars about that very issue. New York also has two other primary categories of waste, though, which is commercial business waste, which is collected only by private companies, private waste companies. And then construction and demolition debris, or C&D, which is a third category. The bureaucracy behind these different categories is pretty thick, which is partly about preventing corruption and partly about health and safety.

And what about parts of cities that are built on garbage? Well, I do a talk every,

In fact, almost every talk I do about garbage starts with a map of lower Manhattan, the original shoreline with this web on top, which is the contemporary street grid. And I have a pin on the five places where Peter Stuyvesant told New Amsterdam colonists in 1657, here's where you are allowed to throw out your trash. And it's all on the water's edge. And if you look at that

The last pin I show is at a place called Coente Slip and Pearl Street. And then I show a slide of that exact place with the same pin, and it's three blocks in from the water's edge. And all of that is various forms of fill, much of which is garbage. While Robert Moses was sort of the informal dictator of New York City and New York State, he determined where every ton of garbage was deposited so that he would make land.

Robert Moses, what a character. Wow. So he deposited garbage in areas where poor people lived and even designed low underpasses so that people without cars, meaning folks who ride the bus...

couldn't access public beaches. He was like, no car, no beach. And one place where the land was built up is on a place called Barren Island, part of Brooklyn. Exact Beach is called Dead Horse Bay, which can't be called Dead Horse Bay because the dead horse is in it, right? That's got to be metaphorical. Nope. There was a glue factory where all the pre-automobile dead horses were sent to. And the waters of Dead Horse Bay were littered with chopped up dead horse bones.

Deadhorse Bay also smelled a lot like dead horses, but the land was filled up with the city's trash and covered with just a dusting of topsoil that washed away. And to this day, you can walk along Glass Bottle Beach, kind of like a watery time capsule of trash deposited in early 1953. There are rusted cash registers, documents.

tires, warped, crusty leather shoes, soda bottles of all kinds, and yes, the occasional horse bone. And I should say, you can't actually walk along the shore as it was closed

two years ago after radioactive waste was found in 31 different spots. So they're working on it. But you can Google pictures, so many bottles. People say it sounds like gently clinking champagne flutes or shimmering wind chimes as the bay laps at the glass. And so we are literally walking on our own history, our own archaeology all the time. But that's not unique to New York at all. Cities all over the world have done this research.

Since time immemorial. How does the garbage not just float out to sea? Well, sometimes it does. Oops. Sometimes it does. It depends on how well built the landfill is, what kind of innovative construction was put in place for it. There are parts of the city where it is just eroding back out into the sea. Not many, but there's some.

I have so many questions from listeners. Can I ask you some? Of course. Oh my gosh. But as always, before your questions, we have some money to discard toward a worthy cause chosen by theologist. And Robin pointed us toward the Sanitation Foundation, which is the official nonprofit partner of the New York City Department of Sanitation. And their mission is to keep the city clean while celebrating and supporting the essential sanitation workforce everywhere.

and advancing the city's ambitious zero waste agenda. They're also making the first ever New York City Sanitation Museum featuring the treasures in the trash collected and curated by Nelson Molina, who we talked about earlier. So find out more or donate yourself at sanitationfoundation.org. And that donation was made possible by sponsors of the show.

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Except those sleepless nights. Get 25% off your first order when you visit coop sleep goods.com slash comedy. That's C O O P sleep goods.com slash comedy. Okay. Let's dig through your inquiries. They have so much value. So many good questions. Um,

I'm just going to start straight out with Kyla Kelly's question, who asked, how fucked are we? Allie Meyer says, okay, seriously, how much garbage is there? Kelly Shaver wants to know, how much trash is on earth? Just how fucked? So I think because of plastics, we're seriously fucked. Okay.

That's what I thought. Yeah. In terms of a metric of like how precisely fucked are we? I'm not, I wouldn't have, I don't know. I have a child and I am often lying awake at night, seriously worried about the future that that child, that child is 23. That child is no longer tiny, but that child is young enough. Maybe they will have a child of their own someday. What, what crisis is,

Are we guaranteed to leave them? And I can't answer it, but the possibilities are numberless. So yeah, very fucked. Thank you for that question. I mean, that was the answer I thought. Good to hear from an expert. An expert, that's my expert, yes. Robin later emailed me to say that though she came off as rather emphatic about it, she wanted to add that being fucked is not the same as being hopeless.

And where we're at, if things don't change, is really bad. But that hoping and striving for change and improvement is still the right move, as always. So don't throw your good intentions in the garbage. Besides, is there even room for them? Christina Weaver wants to know, is there a real possibility of running out of places to put our garbage? And the movie WALL-E comes to mind when they think of this. They say, have you seen WALL-E? Five times. I love WALL-E.

It's one of my favorite movies. No, we are not running out of places, in part because more current landfill technology uses a cellular system whereby you are...

encouraging the decomposition of what's in there so it happens faster than if you just bury it and walk away. So there's like a quadrangle of cells and when the last cell is as decomposed as it can be it's much less quantity and so you can reuse it. Also, there are vast stretches of... I mean, if we wanted to we could fill all those lovely plains of the Midwest and the rural areas... If we want to keep landfilling

We will not run out of space for a very, very, very long time. It's going to cost arms and legs and heads and toes to get it where we want it to go, right, by whatever transportation we choose. But if we want to do that, we're not going to run out of space anytime soon. Is it more about not producing so much space?

Municipal solid waste in the United States, and that's the technical term for what most people think of when they hear the word garbage, like what's in your kitchen waste basket or on the curb in the litter basket. That accounts for, at the very, very most, 3% of the nation's waste stream.

So I talked earlier about propaganda. There is a lot of attention to what's at the curb and where it goes and the harms it causes, all of which are real. But offstage, with far less public attention, are the far more harmful, much larger quantities of waste from a host of industrial and agricultural and mining and medical systems, among other big categories. So yes, we should make less, but...

Again, this question of scale, it has to scale up beyond us as people, individuals and individual cities. Again, I'm not therefore saying we shouldn't recycle, we shouldn't generate less waste in our own lives because that is the start. We don't smoke in almost any public venue anymore.

That happened because of a confluence of influence from scientists, health experts, and just plain old people who were tired of getting their air polluted everywhere they went, as well as the devastating health consequences of smoking cigarettes, right? So it wasn't because the government woke up one day and said, oh my, we should stop people from smoking because it would be good for them. That's not what happened. It happened from the ground up. One of my dreams is that

plastic water bottles will be similarly scarce in the world from a similar kind of push. Because if we really believe that, then the change is within our power together with each other. It has to be a coalition. It can't just be me, myself, and I. And for anyone wondering when plastic water bottles started choking the planet, you can look no further than the marketing success of Perrier water in the 1970s.

because reports linking diet sodas to health risks started rising. And so this French mineral water became very popular through marketing to the yuppie community. And then Nestle bought Perrier in 1992.

Pepsi entered the arena launching Aquafina in 1995, and then Coke hopped in the bottled water waters in 1999 when they launched Dasani. Did you know that Aquafina and Dasani are Pepsi and Coke? Did you know that? Did you also know the huge secret? Most of that water, even if it purports to be from like Yosemite Springs or whatnot, it's actually just tap water. It's just municipal water, filtered tap.

bottled, and it costs more than gasoline per gallon. We've been had. But patrons Susie Shipman and Ella Grace both asked if we'll ever go back to a less wasteful and maybe plastic-free existence.

There's a brilliant book called Waste and Want by a historian named Susan Strasser. And she delves deep into how disposability became our preferred choice over reuse. For example, you're on a train, you go to the restroom,

It used to be a towel that rolled, which I remember from when I was young. I remember those too. Right. Now I think people might be horrified to go into the Amtrak restroom and not have a paper towel to use. Same with, there used to be public drinking options around the city with cups on chains attached to the fountain so you could just dip the cup and drink from the cup. I don't think we would do that anymore. And they're

good reasons why we would hesitate to do it. But the alternative of a discardable single use, that creates a host of nightmares that are, you know, sort of on the other side of it. So the other thing about the rise of single use plastics, you're selling more.

Plastics, they are manufactured and sold. And the more single-use utensils we use with our takeout food or the more wrap we have around our throwaway Dixie cup, whatever it is, somebody's making money on that. So partly it's follow the dollar. That's a really interesting point. There are still city water fountains all over the place, and I drink from them without any hesitation. And New York City water is famously wonderful and healthy and pure, etc., so...

I at least love seeing more places in airports where you can refill a water bottle, especially since in an airport the consumerism there comes with a $9 price tag to get a glass of water. Kelly Brockington and Ella had great questions. Ella wants to know, what's the difference between garbage and rubbish? And Kelly asks, garbage versus trash versus litter versus

Please define. Are there different definitions? Not really anymore, I would say. But there used to be. There used to be distinctions. I think now they're just... The thesaurus would give you rubbish or garbage or trash as synonymous. Litter is different. Litter is sort of...

waste out of place. Like, you know, it's not supposed to be at the curb or on the street. It's supposed to be in a litter basket or a garbage bag or a truck or a landfill. It's not supposed to be loose. There's a fantastic novel by one of my all-time favorite authors, China Mieville, and the author's called Un-London. And one of the key characters is feral trash. And I think of litter as feral trash. It is funny because once you put it in a litter basket, it's no longer litter.

Correct. But trash in general and litter in particular has a way of escaping its confinements. And Robin says that in the 1890s, New York had more clear distinctions between garbage, which usually denoted food waste, rubbish or trash, which was other items, and Excelsior, which sounds like a model of SUV, like the Lincoln Excelsior, but it really just means wood shavings and sawdust.

And of course, American English favors garbage or trash. Brits call it rubbish. And they're garbage cans or dustbins after the coal ashes that they collected. But anyway, yes, nice names. Gross stuff. Rubbish sounds cuter. Rubbish sounds more sophisticated. It does. It sounds less smelly than garbage. It certainly does. Yeah. Garbage sounds gross, but rubbish. Yeah. Yeah.

A lot of folks. I'll list them in an aside. Joe Mueller, Brie, Brie Stewart, Maria, Denae Desjournay, Justin Sacido, and Pauline Dupierre want to know about people. Are people going to the dump? Is that a disposition method? How often do people...

turn up in dumps. What people and what dumps? And what do you mean by dumps? Like how often are there dead bodies or body parts? Oh, you mean, oh, that I thought you meant how often do people just go into the dump? Cause you know, it's Friday night, got nothing to do. Let's go to the dump. Which in fact people do. We have fun. I took you to the dump.

I let you shoot my gun at some rats? Yeah, because some smaller towns, some smaller dumps, they put aside things that might be useful. That's great. And you can do, like, there's a fantastic one I go to sometimes in Vermont that has a whole little building full of stuff that people don't want anymore, but somebody else might want it. And it's always fun to rummage around through that non-rubbish. In terms of bodies going to dumps, of course. I mean, that happens. It's...

There have been sort of myth-level stories about human bodies who have been buried at Fresh Kills Landfill in New York City. Of course, there are cartoonish stories about mobsters getting rid of their enemies in the landfills of the Meadowlands and other parts and landfills in this part of the world. Almost certainly there are, but I don't have firm...

about it. But that's not why Fresh Kills is called Fresh Kills. No. Fresh Kills, the name comes from, the roots are in Dutch, kills like Catskill, Peekskill. It means near a creek or stream. So it has nothing to do with death. Okay. But.

But I mean, you've never seen like a hand sticking out of something, have you? I have not, but there are sanitation workers I've worked with who have. What's the protocol? All kinds of city agencies, police, county court, the medical examiner's office, Department of Health. There's a whole, I don't know what the protocols are, but there's this, it activates a whole lot of response. Yeah. Are rugs, do rugs get a bad rep for a reason? No.

Yeah, sometimes. Yes. Also, there was a story from a few years ago that a crew was working a block and someone had discarded a couch. And as they put it into the back of the truck...

thousands of dollars worth of cocaine fell out of it oopsie oh yeah big oopsie uh is there a protocol for that or is it just like put that on ebay see what you can get yeah no they would have been fired and jailed if they had done that that's a good point i guess not worth that um

Did you hear the story about the guy who threw away a disk drive full of Bitcoin? I did hear that. Has he reached out to you to be like, can you help me out here? Was he even in New York? No, I think he was in like Essex or something. I think he was British. So,

So James Howells, a Welsh computer engineer, accidentally tossed some Bitcoin into a landfill in 2013 and has spent nearly a decade and potentially millions of dollars developing AI trash scanning schemes and robot dogs to help him locate this disk drive with his Bitcoins. How many Bitcoins? 8,000, which are worth

About $145 million, even with Bitcoin dropping to less than a third of its top price this year. Has he got a chance? No, it's gone, isn't it? Well, probably. I mean, it exists in the world. If it's in a landfill, it exists in the world. If he could convince somebody to go back and if the records were kept well enough to go back

and have a pretty good guess of exactly where it was buried. And he was willing to probably pay a hefty amount of money to get them to excavate. Here's the other thing, though.

How far down is it and what infrastructure has been put in place on top of it? Because if it's a landfill built today, there are leachate and methane and other volatile organic compound retrieval and treatment methods. So it's not just a hump of earth with garbage inside. It's a very complex, very carefully engineered geography. And it's...

If his Bitcoin thing is down many layers and they would have to disrupt the system that then is part of the entire complex, I don't know that there's enough money in the world to convince anybody to do that. Right. The sad thing is, I think it was like half a billion dollars on a disk drive of Bitcoin. But the sad thing is, is just Bitcoin's tanked in the last six months. So it's like every day that he's not getting it is just... I just...

I want him to do that eternal sunshine and just be able to take that part of his brain that knows he threw away Bitcoin and just take it out of his brain and just let him live. You know what I mean? But that brings up a good question, though. Bradley Ladwig, first-time question asker, long-time listener, says that I've heard that new landfills are using enzymes to speed up decomposition and using methane capture to generate...

Are those methods being widely utilized yet? In a contemporary landfill, yes. Okay.

Oh, okay. That's great. Yeah. The methane capture, does that go right back into the natural gas pipeline? So I don't know the physics or the chemistry of this, but it's part of gases that are, at least in this part of the world, sold back to the national grid and then are used to help heat homes in the area. Okay. Okay.

Just a side note on this. So natural gas and landfill gas or LFG aren't the same thing. Just because when microbes are chomping and burping and doing their thing, they're also making CO2. So LFG or landfill gas straight out of the pipe raw might be 50-50 methane and CO2 with some other volatile compounds mixed in, give or take.

So vertical and horizontal pipes are buried in the landfill and they collect the gas and then it gets cooled and processed before being sold for other purposes as natural gas. But landfills are farting and we capture it, we cherish it, and then we burn it for money.

Speaking of gross, Shelby Reardon asked, how dirty is trash? And Ivelisse Sanchez requested info on the worst thing Robin has ever found in the garbage. She wasn't the only one. Amy Nurmatsu wants to know, what's the nastiest thing you've ever seen? I find...

A large conglomeration of maggots at the bottom, let's say, of a plastic or metal garbage can to be really, like it absolutely wigs me out. And that's not fair to the maggots. And it's like they're just little beings in the world. Then we create the conditions for them to exist. And in fact, if you have a, this is really gross, but if you have a wound, like a deep flesh wound and it's not healing, right?

But you drop a maggot in there, that maggot will eat all the dead infected flesh and you will have a very, very healthy wound that then will heal. So maggots actually could have a role in health care and have had in the past. But yeah, so I... maggots are for me. They're just babies. They're just little beings trying to exist in the world. I feel that very strongly. Just infants. They're just fly infants. Even if they were grown up flies, I'm less wigged out by them, but...

Don't they have a right to live? And hell, we made the conditions that make them prosper. We invited them to the party. We did. We threw the party. We're like, perfect for you maggots. Come on over. Same with rats. New York City, among other cities. But because we use plastic garbage bags, we have created what a colleague of mine calls rat-topia. Okay. Okay.

Why? How? Because we have food waste in those bags all over the city, especially at night because rats tend to be nocturnal. And then so we put the, from restaurants especially, but food waste from houses as well, we put them out.

The bags? Bags. I don't care how minty the flavoring of the bag is. It just means the rat will have breath that smelled like he just brushed his teeth. It will not dissuade them from eating into and getting food from those bags. So as long as we are reliant on plastic bags at the curb at night, we are feeding rats. Oh, well...

Two things about that. Number one, there's an episode I did with Dr. Bobby Corrigan. He's my man. I love him.

I love him. Bobby is the best. He's the one who has the term rat-topia. I didn't know you did one with Bobby. I missed that. Oh, fantastic. Urban rodentology. Yeah, yeah. Oh, I love him. Bobby's the best. I love him. Yeah, no, Bobby's the best. Oh, absolute best in the world at what he does. And there are a ton of people, Grace Robichaux, C to the K, Alison Baberle, Allie Brown, Super Sarah, Nico Peruzzi, and Diana M. All had questions about...

Trash bags. And Grace wants to know, are there biodegradable garbage bags? C to the K wants to know, are you team scented bags? C to the K says, I am not into tropical garbage. Are there better ways to collect our trash? Collect or leave on the curb? I guess either. Okay. Let's get into it. Those are two really big questions. Okay. So in terms of better ways to collect it, certainly. If we are reliant on...

individual trucks, which at maximum capacity in New York, the standard truck is specced for about 12.5 tons. You, in certain conditions, you can squeeze as much as 14, 15 tons on that truck. But if you think about that, we generate about 10,000 tons a day. So

But then how do we, like you don't want 8.8 million people driving somewhere with their garbage to drop off their little household waste, you know, that the infrastructure and air quality stress from that would be absurd. There are a couple of pilot programs right now that are containerizing garbage in the middle of a block of,

like they do in many cities in Europe, where I, a householder, can carry my bag, put it in the right container, it locks behind me, rats can't get it, and then the truck comes, I don't know at what intervals, to get that material, you're still dealing with a truck. We have designed the system sort of by default, but because we designed it, we can redesign it. Like, we could decide to do it differently. In terms of better ways to...

leave it for collection if we want to use that collection system still. And instead of leaving it on the curb, first of all, plastic bags are a disaster. I thought so. If we did compost more rigorously, if we separated our food waste and put them into what New York used as what they called the brown bin system,

Those brown bins are almost completely impermeable to pests. I think a rat, really, really, really stubborn rat that came back to the same one for night after night after night might be able to get through. But they were designed to be super sturdy. So if you take your, people say, oh, I don't want to compost because I'll get rats.

because of my food waste all in one place. No, you're putting your food waste in a far more secure container and leaving the rest of your garbage that the rats don't want. You will have fewer pests if you compost. The public has yet to understand that on a broad scale. Plastic bags were introduced for good reasons between 1969 and 1971 in New York, and they're easier in many ways for the householder. I want to say they cause fewer injuries for the worker, but

That's not necessarily true. It's a different type of injury than what metal cans created. But the convenience of it, you don't have to store the bags when they're empty. There's all kinds of ways that they're convenient, but they create a host of problems like

Rats. What did people use before plastic bags? Metal garbage cans. That was it, like just off to the grouch straight up. Yeah. Right? Yeah. I mean, I guess I remember my dad dragging that to the curb and those were everywhere in New York before then. Yeah. And if the lid was off a little bit and it rained, it filled with rainwater. And this was also when

a lot of buildings heated with coal. So you often had coal ash in these bins, in the cans. The cans get rusted. The cans get dented. The cans create like that, those rusty edges then cut workers and then they get gangrene from their... Tetanus. No, lockjaw and tetanus. Yeah. So the cans were not great either. They're also heavy as hell, you know, as the plastic cans we call them. Plastic containers can be receptacles. Yeah.

And then you have the weight issue of how do you lift it? The cans were not great, but bags are not great either. Yeah. Okay. But patrons KJ, first time question asker, Stephanie Trout Berman, Christina Kasakis, Connie E. Carringer, Nicole Kleinman, Samuel Harvey, Barb Chang, Ira Gray, and Maren Prophet wanted to know about hazardous items and the dangers lurking on curbs.

How often do those cuts or sticks with sharp things, like... So needles, I don't know how often needle sticks happen, but they happen. Sanitation and refuse work, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is far, far, far more dangerous than being a cop or a firefighter. And it's always in the top 10 most dangerous jobs list, which comes out every two years.

That category, sanitation and refuse work, is always somewhere in the top ten. It moves maybe from four to seven or from seven to five, but it's always there. The three sources of harm are the trash itself, because especially with plastic bags, it punctures the bags, it punctures the workers,

The truck, the mechanics of the truck, when you put a bag in the back of the truck, it's called the blade, the hopper comes down and scoops it up to compress it into the body of the truck. But that exerts immense pressure. And often what is caught by the blade of the hopper catapults back out at you. So you never want to be behind a truck when the hopper is cycling. So that's another source of harm, the truck. Also mechanics of the truck fail sometimes and hurt people. And then traffic. Traffic.

motorists are impatient to get around a truck, understandably, but often without remembering there are human beings who are working with that vehicle and they're somewhere nearby. And if you go around them, take care that you're not going to hurt them, hit them, kill them. So those are the sources of the harm, and it's ubiquitous. You will not get through a 22-year career without injury. You just won't. Even if it's something seemingly mundane like,

Your discs erupt or your rotator cuffs and your shoulder, and I say seemingly mundane, those are crippling. So even if it's that, you wear the work on your body for the rest of your life. And I'm going to guess that Sanitization workers don't get...

free Starbucks, like cops and firefighters. There's all kinds of like, there's sporting goods stores that if you're a cop or a firefighter, you automatically get 10% off. There are yes, free donuts, the famous donuts for cops. You don't get that as a sanitation. It's yeah, it's definitely the stepchild agency of those three. Is there something that you feel like

sanitation workers should get at the holidays. Like, should you be baking cookies and leaving them somewhere? This is not garbage. This is for you.

Yeah, go to your local garage with holiday cookies, have enough for everybody and understand there's more than one shift. Or talk to the garage superintendent and find out what deli the guys like most and order a big old one of those six-foot long sandwiches. You can't give them beer because of rule changes, but sodas and anything, especially if you do it through the garage.

If a sanitation worker's on the route and you offer him even a cup of coffee, technically it's illegal, and technically they could get in really big trouble for it, even if it's something humble like that. So if they don't know you and you offer them a cup of coffee, they're probably going to say no. But if you go through the garage and you're like...

my second grade class wants to adopt your garage or my community organization or my family. We just want to acknowledge you somehow. Yeah, heck yeah. Oh, that's so good to know.

So cookies, sandwiches, do it. Now, some patrons, Isabel Slaymaker, Margo Rosenbaum, Kylie M. Smith, Eric Johnson, and Susie Kroger wanted to know how smelly. A lot of people, final question from listeners, want to know, like Deli Dames wants to know, do people who work directly with garbage and sanitation, does it change their sense of smell? I know that you said that when you were working with it, you stopped noticing it, but what

Is there anything that sanitation workers do for themselves to kind of end the day and get back to home or anything that the municipalities are doing about smell because it's something that it's a stigma? I have never asked them if it has changed their sense of smell. It's a lovely question and I don't know the answer. I will say many sanitation workers would never ever wear their uniform home.

they will shower and change back into the street clothes. And some garages actually pitched in to buy washer-dryer for the garage, so they never take their uniform home. They wash it on site, so they're never bringing it into the family laundry system. I know some workers, that's their choice. I know others who are completely nonchalant about like, yeah, whatever. I washed this last week. What's the big deal? You know?

I mean, I guess, you know, a lot of people wear shoes all over the city and then wear the shoes inside their house without taking them off. So, you know, who knows? That has come to wig me out as much as somebody picking their nose and eating the boogers. Like just when I see shoes inside, I just, I'm like, no, you don't have to do that. Yeah.

Take it from someone who literally is a sanitation anthropologist. If that grosses you out, you know, take the shoes off at the door. Apparently also, if you want to cut your risk of getting sick from anything, COVID, the flu, anything, there are two things you should do as soon as you walk in the door of your home. One is...

Wash your hands. The other is take off your shoes. Those two things together apparently are absolutely excellent protections. It's not a fail safe, but you are far less likely to get sick if you do those two things. I remember hearing that hemlines got shorter because of tuberculosis because people were just dragging long skirts through. Look at

And bringing them back into their house. And so I just think about that when I think about taking my shoes off. That is a cool factoid. Now, there's got to be something that sucks about studying garbage, other than the term garbageology. What's the thing that is the hardest about the job or just the toughest thing about the field in general? This is a consistent source of dismay for me. When acknowledging essential workers, city uniformed forces...

people whose work is fundamental to our daily well-being. The people who collect our garbage and who sweep our streets are almost never mentioned. And it breaks my heart. And I include here not just municipal workers, but people working for the private companies as well, whose jobs are often far, far more difficult than what the municipal workers have to face. And yet we don't acknowledge them. So...

Even just saying thank you when you see somebody working the truck, it's a small gesture, but what if everybody did it? What if that was understood like, oh, there's a sanitation guy. I'm going to say a thank you. What if that was just expected and normal and common practice?

That would be fantastic because that would then also trickle up, as it were, to helping when there are more formal acknowledgements, making sure that those folks get the recognition they deserve. One recent example, September 11th just passed, the 21st anniversary. Sanitation was absolutely pivotal in the city's response, but rarely gets mentioned when there are formal acknowledgements.

No one on the job died on the job because of that tragedy. But since that tragedy, 112 people have died of very weird cancers, almost all of which are directly attributable to the exposures they got through working ground zero. There's a young woman who works for sanitation who's doing, she has a background in film, who's doing a documentary to try and get that story more attention.

But it's still generally not well known at all. And so my source of dismay, and I realize I'm kind of going on and on about this, but they deserve more public awareness and praise and thanks and gratitude. They need to be front and center in our attention. Mm-hmm.

And I'm also going to guess the moniker of garbage man, which is not what you use anymore. Sanitation worker. Yeah. And I imagine that must be a label that they hear a lot. There was a headline in the Staten Island Advance about something about a garbage man. And I wrote to them immediately. And I didn't say it in language as strong as I felt. You know, you want to be polite, but...

They changed the headline. Good. It's one small thing. And I love that you're an advocate for that and that you've been in the actual job and in the uniform and in the truck. I'm very proud of that. Yeah, you should be. What is your favorite thing about what you do in general, about studying this, about being an anthropologist, about working in sanitation, about the friends you've made, anything? Sometimes I look around at the university where I work and...

I wonder if my job in NYU matters. Yes, I teach and maybe I have influence on my students. And yeah, I write some, although not as much as I should. And like, that's good. But when I'm working with sanitation people, their work absolutely matters to the well-being of this city every single day.

profoundly so, so it's so important. It's like the oxygen in the air. We get to completely overlook it and take it for granted and just assume it's going to be there. But if it weren't, we would be in deep shit that connecting to people whose jobs are so profoundly essential in the deepest possible way. That is, that is deeply satisfying. Also that they've let me in, you know, because who the hell am I? Right. And, but over time they have let me in and that's an honor. Um,

I also really enjoy watching their friendships. They form bonds of camaraderie that often last far longer than the job itself and that I don't see counterparts of that within NYU. And maybe that's because I'm sort of an introvert in this world and maybe that's on me, but I really enjoy watching the bonds that they form in the trenches on the war on grime. I still have trouble telling that story without choking up. In fact, in that moment in the TED Talk, I had a moment of like,

I can't just, I can't cry at 10 o'clock. So thank your sanitation workers. Yeah. Thank you so much for doing this. Thanks for your interest. And thank all your readers for their great questions. Oh, such good questions. I literally could talk about garbage forever. Indeed, as one could.

So ask smart people garbage questions because we're here to find out. And look, they love answering them. Go watch Robin's TED Talk. Go Google composting if you feel inspired. Clean out a closet. Get a reusable water bottle if you don't have one and vote. And for more on Dr. Robin Nagel, you can see the links in the show notes and enjoy her book,

picking up on the streets and behind the trucks with the sanitation workers of New York City, which we'll also link in the show notes. There will be links to so much that we discussed on my website. 2025, me again. Okay, so we are at Ologies now on Blue Sky and on Instagram, and I'm Allie Ward with one L on both. We also now have a spinoff show called Smologies, which are episodes in their own feed wherever you get podcasts, again, called Smologies. They're shorter, kid-friendly episodes.

G-rated. There's a link in the show notes. Tell all your friends. Ologies merch is available at ologiesmerch.com. Erin Talbert admins our Ologies podcast Facebook group. Emily White made the transcripts but passed the torch to Aveline Malick. Kelly Ardoire does the website. Susan Hale is our amazing managing director. Noelle Dilworth is scheduling producer and like a second producer.

brain for me. Jake Chafee has since joined our edit team and huge exciting credit for this one goes to our lead editor, the very not trash, but in fact treasure, Mercedes Maitland of Maitland Audio, who was once simply a listener and then reached out multiple times, became an intern and

and then an assistant editor, and has now been for many years at the helm of piecing the show together every week. So many ups to her. This was actually the very first episode that she lead edited, so it's a favorite for that reason too. And Nick Thorburn did the theme music, and if you stick around to the very end of the episode, I tell you a secret. And this one is updated for 2025. It is April 8th, 2025. And it's that while I'm recording this to go up tonight, there have been helicopters over our neighborhood for like an hour or two. And according to the news,

On the freeway right near our house, there was a three-car accident that turned into a hit-and-run with a few people on the lam running from the cops. And one of them was a woman who exchanged gunfire with the police before hiding in the park.

that we go take the dog to. And then there was a second person fleeing the crash, I guess. And to quote the local news station, the shirtless suspect was seen running out of the car and into a backyard while carrying a guitar.

And then that person was hanging around someone's pool, watering the plants and talking on the phone. But the last reports I've heard is that the person who's still at large shooting at the CHP officers may be totally unrelated to the crash itself and just another person having kind of a wild day.

happenstance on the same block. Anyway, having a very LA day here, a little hard to record with helicopters overhead, but I'm just, I'm hoping it works out well for everyone and no one gets hurt. And maybe in a few years, someone gets a book deal out of it. I don't know. Just another Tuesday. Okay. Bye-bye.

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