cover of episode Herman Pontzer (on evolutionary anthropology)

Herman Pontzer (on evolutionary anthropology)

2025/4/2
logo of podcast Armchair Expert with Dax Shepard

Armchair Expert with Dax Shepard

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Herman Pontzer: 我在宾夕法尼亚州一个偏远地区长大,父亲亲手建造的房子里,在广阔的森林里度过了童年,这与我现在的学术生涯形成鲜明对比。我的成长经历与我通常在大学里遇到的学术背景大相径庭,这让我对多样化的背景有了更深刻的理解。 我最初对文化人类学很感兴趣,但后来更专注于体质人类学和进化生物学,因为我想先了解我们是如何成为一个物种的,然后再研究这个物种在文化上的行为。在宾夕法尼亚州立大学和哈佛大学的学习经历中,我逐渐对人类进化产生了浓厚的兴趣,并开始进行相关研究。 我对人类群体差异的研究始于对人体测量学的兴趣,但由于其曾被纳粹用于不正当目的,这项研究也饱受争议。然而,我认为理解人类群体差异有助于反驳种族主义,并促进对人类多样性的更深入理解。 我的研究工作包括对哈扎人的能量代谢的研究,这挑战了人们对活动量与能量消耗之间关系的传统认知。通过双标记水法等先进技术,我们发现哈扎人的每日能量消耗与美国人相似,这表明人类的能量代谢效率很高,并且活动量与能量消耗之间的关系并非简单的线性关系。 在对人类进化的研究中,我发现人类智力的发展并非线性增长,而是在狩猎采集开始后呈现出指数级增长。人类是唯一一个群体成员会从事两种不同食物获取方式(狩猎和采集)的物种,这促进了社会和智力复杂性的发展。 人类独特的特征包括食物获取方式的分工、独特的幼儿抚养方式以及大脑的快速进化。漫长的童年时期是由于需要学习大量的知识,而这又增加了成年人养育后代的成本。大脑是人体消耗能量最多的器官,尤其是在儿童时期,大脑发育对营养的需求非常大。 人类大脑在出生时并不完整,需要通过后天的学习来构建神经网络,因此智商测试更多的是衡量后天学习的结果,而不是先天能力。性别二态性(雄性和雌性在体型上的差异)的减少表明,人类的择偶竞争从纯粹的体力竞争转向了智力竞争。 烹饪改变了人类的饮食结构和身体机能,这使得人类能够摄入更高能量密度的食物。烹饪是一种文化传承,而非基因传承,它与人类的生理结构相互作用,塑造了人类的饮食和生存方式。 肌肉和骨骼具有很强的可塑性,这使得人类能够适应不同的生活方式和环境。人类的身体结构具有高度的可变性,这使得人类能够适应不同的环境和生活方式。与其他物种相比,人类的生存策略更加多样化,这使得人类能够在不同的环境中生存和繁衍。 皮肤颜色差异是由黑色素的产生量决定的,而黑色素的产生量受紫外线照射强度的影响。人类群体间的许多差异并非适应性进化,而是随机变异的结果。 虽然能量摄入和能量消耗的平衡仍然成立,但追踪能量摄入和消耗的难度使得人们难以有效地控制体重。人体倾向于维持一个相对稳定的能量代谢水平,即使进行剧烈运动,这种调节也需要时间。人体能量消耗存在上限,短期内可以超过这个上限,但长期来看,这个上限大约是基础代谢率的2.5倍。 运动不仅增加能量消耗,更重要的是调节身体各个系统,从而带来健康益处。对哈扎人的研究表明,“旧石器时代饮食”的概念是错误的,因为狩猎采集者的饮食结构存在很大的多样性。 虽然人类的心脏和肺部与其他哺乳动物相似,但喉部的下移使得人类能够进行复杂的语音交流,但也增加了窒息的风险。人类的呼吸系统和消化系统共用一个通道,这是因为在进化过程中,鱼类的鳔演变成了肺部。 虽然人类的心脏和肺部在不同人群中差异不大,但脾脏的大小在不同环境下存在差异,例如高海拔地区和水下狩猎人群。 Dax Shepard: 作为主持人,我与Herman Pontzer就其新书《Adaptable》以及人类进化和生物学等话题进行了深入探讨。我表达了对进化生物学的兴趣,并就人类进化中的一些关键问题,例如狩猎采集对人类智力发展的影响、人类能量代谢的独特性以及人类群体差异等方面,与Herman Pontzer进行了交流。 在讨论中,我分享了我对人类群体差异的观察,以及我对种族主义的担忧。Herman Pontzer解释了人体测量学在历史上曾被滥用的问题,以及理解人类群体差异有助于反驳种族主义的观点。 我们还探讨了人类大脑发育的独特性,以及营养对智力发展的影响。Herman Pontzer解释了人类大脑在出生时并不完整,需要通过后天的学习来构建神经网络,以及智商测试更多的是衡量后天学习的结果,而不是先天能力的观点。 我们还讨论了能量代谢、运动与健康的关系,以及“旧石器时代饮食”的误区。Herman Pontzer分享了他对哈扎人的研究结果,以及他对人类能量代谢效率的理解。 此外,我们还探讨了人类语音交流的进化、人类衰老的机制以及疫苗接种的重要性等话题。Herman Pontzer分享了他对人类身体结构和功能的独特性以及可塑性的见解。 supporting_evidences Herman Pontzer: 'I deeply regret what I did, which is I was enamored and intoxicated with the excitement of cultural anthropology...' Herman Pontzer: 'And for people to know the history of anthropology, there was a field called anthropometry...' Dax Shepard: '- Yeah, so the book "Adaptable" aims to educate you on how your body works...' Herman Pontzer: 'But the first five million years, I think of it as basically the Ewok chapter of human evolution...' Herman Pontzer: 'Okay, she came out of the Rift Valley, right? Yeah, so she's one of the earliest, let's say, full skeletons that we've ever found...' Herman Pontzer: 'But again, I mean, still very ape-like. As far as we can tell in terms of diet and stuff, eating almost all plants...' Herman Pontzer: 'And so you get the advantages of both. Then you have to share it...' Herman Pontzer: 'And you see the tools develop with that. So over the past 2 million years...' Herman Pontzer: 'The intellectual complexity that kind of runs away and becomes these huge brains...' Herman Pontzer: 'So there's this long period where adults are working harder than they have to feed themselves...' Herman Pontzer: 'But what people, I think, get wrong about it is to understand how the human brain works...' Herman Pontzer: 'The brain is the most expensive organ in the body...' Herman Pontzer: 'The hockey stick inflection point is when you start hunting and gathering...' Herman Pontzer: 'And they're in northern Tanzania? That's exactly right...' Herman Pontzer: 'It's called doubly labeled water...' Herman Pontzer: 'And I read this result and I found it quite depressing...' Herman Pontzer: 'But it doesn't reject the hard fast rules, calories in, calories out...' Herman Pontzer: 'There's no secrets there...' Herman Pontzer: 'Sometimes this gets misinterpreted like, oh, there's no effective exercise at all...' Herman Pontzer: 'We call it a metabolic ceiling...' Herman Pontzer: 'Yeah, you say it kind of like calibrates and puts in harmony all these different systems...' Herman Pontzer: 'There is no single one diet that hunter-gatherers eat...' Herman Pontzer: 'Well, your typical mammal setup for hearts and lungs...' Herman Pontzer: 'Have you ever wondered why food and air go in the same place?...' Herman Pontzer: 'But what you see is there's a bit player in this whole system, which is the spleen...' Herman Pontzer: 'Most of what we see when we look across populations is kind of just slush and slop and noise...' Herman Pontzer: 'Cooking has actually changed our bodies completely...' Herman Pontzer: 'There's no gene for fire...' Herman Pontzer: 'There's nothing that's more kind of plastic and adaptable than the muscles...' Herman Pontzer: 'And look how fucking flexible it is...' Herman Pontzer: 'In a human society, even a hunting and gathering society...' Herman Pontzer: 'The molecule that makes skin dark is...' Herman Pontzer: 'Melanin is this natural sunblock...' Herman Pontzer: 'So there's like 100 and some genes that work together...' Herman Pontzer: 'But anyway. Yeah, how do we age? What's unique about how we age?...' Herman Pontzer: 'but that takes energy...' Herman Pontzer: 'but that's not a great strategy because...', , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ]}

Deep Dive

Chapters
Dax and Herman discuss Herman's upbringing in a small rural town in Pennsylvania, his parents' professions as high school teachers, and his transition from a rural background to the academic world. The contrast between his upbringing and the typical background of university professors is highlighted, sparking a conversation about diversity in academia.
  • Herman's upbringing at the end of a dirt road in a house his dad built.
  • His parents were high school teachers in a small town.
  • The contrast between his rural background and the typical academic background is discussed.
  • He attended Penn State for undergrad and Harvard for graduate school.

Shownotes Transcript

Herman Pontzer (Adaptable: How Your Unique Body Works and Why Our Biology Unites Us) is an evolutionary anthropologist, author, and associate professor at Duke University. Herman joins the Armchair Expert to discuss growing up at the end of a dirt road in a house his dad built, unpacking the dark history of anthropometry, and the ewok chapter of human evolution. Herman and Dax talk about why the brain is the most expensive organ in the body, how the first full human skeleton found being named after a Beatles song, and why people burn more calories being anxious. Herman explains the hockey stick inflection point of intelligence when we began hunting and gathering, why research on early humans debunks the paleo diet, and the story of the guy that accidentally killed the world's oldest living organism.

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