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cover of episode How We Live With Contradictions

How We Live With Contradictions

2023/9/11
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Hidden Brain

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Elliot Aronson
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Shankar Vedantam
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Shankar Vedantam: 本节目探讨了人类自我辩护的能力,以及这种能力如何在生活中发挥作用,既可以带来负面影响,也可以被用于积极目的。通过分析《绝命毒师》中沃尔特·怀特的故事,以及其他案例,说明人们如何为自己的行为寻找合理化解释,以及这种自我辩护机制的普遍性。 Elliot Aronson: 我个人的经历,包括童年时期在反犹太社区的遭遇和中学时期参与欺凌行为,让我对自我辩护的心理机制产生了浓厚的兴趣。通过研究认知失调理论,我发现人们会不自觉地通过自我辩护来解释自己的行为,以减少内心的冲突和不适感。这种机制既可以带来负面影响,例如导致偏见和歧视,也可以被用于积极目的,例如促进合作和理解。我提出的课堂拼图教学法就是利用认知失调理论来改善学生学习成绩、人际关系和自我认知的成功案例。 Elliot Aronson: 认知失调理论的核心在于,当人们的想法和行为发生冲突时,他们会试图通过改变自己的想法或行为来减少这种冲突。在实验中,我们发现,当人们为一项枯燥的任务付出很少的报酬时,他们会更倾向于说服自己这项任务其实很有趣,以减少认知失调。这与传统的强化理论相悖,说明人类行为的复杂性。 此外,我还研究了严格的入会仪式或艰难的训练如何增强人们对组织或群体的归属感。这是因为人们会试图合理化自己为加入该组织或群体所付出的努力,从而减少认知失调。课堂拼图教学法正是基于这一原理,通过让学生们合作完成任务,促进他们之间的理解和合作,从而减少偏见,提高学习效果。

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Think about the last time you did something you knew was wrong. How did you explain your actions to yourself? All of us tell stories about why we do the things we do. We justify our failures, and come up with plausible explanations for our actions. This week, Elliot Aronson) explains the mental processes behind this type of self-justification, and shares how he helped develop one of the most widely-known concepts in psychology: cognitive dissonance.

*If you're interested in learning more about the origins of cognitive dissonance, listen to our episode When You Need It To Be True). *

*Do you like the ideas and insights we feature on Hidden Brain? Then please consider supporting our work by joining our new podcast subscription, Hidden Brain+. You can find it in the Apple Podcasts app, or by going to apple.co/hiddenbrain). Thanks! *