The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks
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Get an expert now on TurboTax.com. Only available with TurboTax Live Full Service. See guarantee details at TurboTax.com slash guarantees. Listener supported. WNYC Studios. Heyo, Lulu here. This is Radiolab. Today we have a story that starts in a very private moment. A woman alone in her bathroom making a quiet, startling discovery about her own body.

But that tiny personal moment will keep growing and growing and growing until it becomes so big that it has impacted the lives of everybody listening right now. And all that without the woman ever knowing the impact she had. It's a story that we first aired over a decade ago, but it is just as relevant today as questions about bodily autonomy circle with renewed force.

So here we go. The story of one of the most important people in the history of medical science who was almost erased from the record.

Hey, I'm Jad Abumrad. I'm Robert Krulwich. This is Radio Lab. The podcast. Today on the podcast, a story of when I've been... We've been wanting to do this story for... Forever. Forever. Forever. Like two years ago, I think. Oh, longer than that. Yeah. It's a story that comes from a friend of mine, Rebecca Skloot. Should I... You want me to talk? Make noise? That's her. We can move me closer, probably. And she has been wanting to tell this story... Even longer. Since she was in the womb. You know what I mean? She's been researching this story for 10 years. Hello, hello, hello.

Because it is an amazing story, confusing at times, about a tumor that begins to expand and never stop. The story begins in 1950 in Baltimore with a black woman who for much of the story won't have a name. She's in her bathroom and she discovers pretty much all on her own that she has cancer. It's a little bit of a mystery how she initially knew this, but she knew it was there. ♪

Chapter 1. By chance...

I happened to be an attending at that time. The guy she eventually ended up seeing at Johns Hopkins University was this fellow, Dr. Howard Jones. I'm 98. Next month I'll be 99. Wow. So when she came in to see you, can you tell me anything about what she was like? Well, she was a... You don't remember anything? No, I really don't. But you remember her tumor, right? Oh, absolutely. I never saw anything like it before or after. ♪

And this didn't look like a normal tumor. It was deep purple and... About as big as a quarter. Sort of shiny. Very soft. That was another thing about it. On examination... Slightly raised. When you touched it, you might think it was red jello. There was something very strange about the way it looked. There was something weird about it.

So, doctors took a sample. Yeah, so they would cut off these little teeny tiny pieces. Really small. Teeny tiny. A bite or two. They would take a piece. Put it in a tube. And one would go to the lab for diagnosis. And in this case, since it was Hopkins. They would take an extra piece and give it to a man named George Guy. Two.

So George Guy was a researcher who worked at Hopkins. He had a deal with the clinic that any time they got a patient with cervical cancer, they'd give him a tiny piece of the tumor because he was studying cervical cancer. But what he really wanted to do, his main mission, actually not just his, scientists everywhere were trying to do this. They wanted to find a way to grow human cells outside of a human being. In a dish. In a dish. George Guy had been trying to do this, working on this for decades. And why exactly? Um...

It's sort of like having a little tiny bit of a person in a lab that's detached from them so that you can do whatever you want with them. You know, you can't bombard some person with a bunch of drugs and just wait to see how much they can tolerate before their cells all explode. But you can do that in cell culture. Oh, so this is like the basic thing you need to study human biology. You need cells in a dish. Yes. Problem was, any time they tried to grow human cells in a dish...

They would die. Yeah, they died. This is George Guy's former lab assistant. Can you just tell me your name? You know, my name is so-and-so. My name is Mary. I'll put my maiden name in there. Oh, sure. Toy. Kubitschek. Mary lives just outside of Baltimore, about an hour from where she used to work with George Guy. This is it. This is Dr.

She showed me some pictures. And he's sitting at a microscope. Look at him. He seems like a really big guy, like a really tall guy. He was a big guy. At least 6'5", judging from the picture. Yeah, he was. And in every slide that she showed me, he had kind of a crazy smile on his face, like he's having a good time. He was like a big bear of a man, is what I always thought of. Oh, yeah. In any case, Mary says they were completely stumped at why the human cells always died. But they just did. Yeah.

So, on the day that George Guy walked in, handed Mary a tube with a little chunk of a nameless woman's cervical cancer inside. I knew nothing about her. No one expected anything? No, he was doing the, well, he probably, you know, was ever hopeful. But, you know, I was eating lunch and I thought, oh, the heck with it, you know, it's not going to grow, I'm going to finish this sandwich. And that's what I did. Three. And then I went in and... She gave the cells some food. Did my usual. Turned on all the machines and left. Came back the next day...

They hadn't died. So she came back the next day, and they were growing. And then the next day, still growing. They just kept plugging along. And the next. Rebecca says they doubled in size. Yeah. All of a sudden, you know, I kept transferring them and making more tubes and transferring them, making more tubes and transferring them. They were very reliable. And stronger. They just kept plugging along. Meanwhile, the woman who had spawned all these cells...

Officially, she died of uremia, which is like toxicity of the blood because she wasn't able to get rid of the toxic waste that usually goes out in your urine. Plugging along. Plugging along. But not herself. Plugging along. Plugging along.

And to tell us this story, it is a privilege to introduce Dr. George Guy. It wasn't long after that George Guy appeared on TV, holding in his hand a little bottle. Now let me show you a bottle in which we have grown massive quantities of cancer cells. So did you want to look at the photos? You can't really get a sense of how aggressive this tumor was until you go to the Hopkins archives and look at George Guy's pictures and videos. Okay.

This is the film can here, the HeLaCell film. Then it hits you. These are enlarged 10,000 times. Oh my God. Swirling hurricanes of cells. Just like thousands of little pots. Some small and some very large. Swung together. Kept transferring them and making more tubes. See them under the microscope. Looks like something has just exploded. Like an undergoing division.

That's amazing. And they just kept plugging along. It keeps getting bigger and bigger. Stronger. It's indestructible. It's indescribable. Nothing can stop it. Why hers just sort of took off and grew and the other ones that they had tried before didn't is just a little bit of a mystery. Nobody really knows. Four. Nonetheless, George Guy knew what he had. This new cell line was what they'd all been waiting for.

So early on, right after this woman died, George Guy sent Mary back down to get more cancer cells from the corpse. Oh, he sent me down to the morgue, yeah. Really? Oh, yeah. So I went down there, and the coroner, I don't know who he was, Dr. Guy was there too, and they were standing down at her feet, sort of. Meanwhile, she's like what? She's lying out there. She's already open.

I got some samples. The coroner would take them out and give them to me. What did she look like? I couldn't look at her face. I couldn't look at her. The only thing I looked at were her toes, and they had chipped nail polish on them, and that was really like, oh, this is a real person. What was it about the nail polish that hit you? Oh, because it was chipped. Because you know that she hadn't been able to take care of her nails for a long time if they got chipped like that. Yeah.

And it showed that she was proud of herself. Not everyone wears nail polish on their toes. Over the next several months, while this woman's body lay decomposing in the ground, George Guy and Mary produced hundreds of thousands of her cells, her tumor cells. And he named them the HeLa strain. HeLa? Like HeLa, H-E-L-A. No one would actually know why he had named them that for about two decades. But what he did with these cells...

You know, it would be unusual nowadays. Like if somebody now found a cell that was special, they'd run off to the patent office and then sell it to Merck for a billion bucks. But George Guy? He just passed them out freely. Didn't try and make any money off of them. Because it was a nice, nice new thing that could help science. Mary says that George Guy began to send HeLa all over the world. And pretty soon she was in

Hundreds of labs. And, you know, this was in the midst of the polio epidemic. This is the season when polio is at its worst. We're talking early 50s, right? Yeah, so this is 1951, 52. You know, schools are being closed. Kids are being kept inside. To this cruel disease, medical science still has no complete answer.

There was this enormous effort to develop a polio vaccine. Problem was, in order to develop a vaccine, you had to have enough polio virus, you know, enough quantity to be able to study it in a lab. And they had no way of making enough. So what did they do? Well, one of the guys that Guy, one of the guys that Guy had sent the cells to. This collaborator friend of Guy's. Discovered something interesting.

Kind of amazing. Which was that polio loved the HeLa cell. Put polio inside a HeLa cell, HeLa would copy and in the process make more polio. So it's the super Xerox cell. No matter what you want to do, it'll be like, make a copy, make a copy, make a copy. Yeah. So now they had a way of making polio. HeLa could just be a polio factory. And so, the government made a factory. At the Tuskegee Institute. A real one. Literally a factory. So they had...

These big, you know, stainless steel vats of culture medium that were sort of rotated constantly. Autoclaves for sterilizing all their equipment. A row with, you know, four or five microscopes. Crazy, Frankenstein-ish gizmos. They had this machine that was like an automatic cell dispenser. And it had this sort of long mechanical arm. It squirted a certain amount of this culture medium filled with heliocels into a tube.

Wow, this is like the beauty of industry right here. Yeah, it is. Absolutely. The cells that were produced at this factory, she says, were used to test the polio vaccine. The test that they were doing in Norris, it was the largest field trial ever done. At its peak, the Tuskegee Gila Production Center was producing about six trillion cells a week. Wow. Which is kind of...

Kind of inconceivable. But that was actually only the beginning, says Rebecca, because this factory led to an even bigger one that was for profit. Right. And that second factory? Was the first time any human biological material was commercialized. So this was the first biotech company? Yeah, basically. Okay, but when they first started mass producing HeLa, what sorts of things were done to these cells? What sorts of problems were investigated? Like anything you can imagine. ♪

So they infected HeLa cells with every kind of virus. Hepatitis, equine encephalitis virus, yellow fever, herpes, measles, mumps, rabies, whatever. Like, you just, any vaccine. And this was just, this was a revolution for scientists. There was research on chemotherapy drugs. HeLa cells went up in some of the first space missions. Really? Yeah, so they were... HeLa went into space? HeLa went into space. Every time I hear about it, I think of like, HeLa is...

Why? I mean, just because? The premise was to see what happens to human cells in zero gravity. You know, if we're going to be sending people up into space, what's going to happen to them up there? So Hila went up before any humans did. And then she eventually went up. The cells, there was actually... That was an interesting little slip up there. Yeah, I know. Yeah.

Okay, so let's actually skip forward in the story to the point where that slip up you just heard, that pronoun confusion, gets really personal. That's right after this break.

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Lulu, Radiolab. So just before the break, we heard our wonderful reporter, Rebecca Skloot, slip up a bit and call a cluster of HeLa cells, she. Okay, it's the late 60s. And HeLa has led to a revolution in science. And now there are hundreds of cell lines, not just HeLa, but hundreds. And somewhere along the way, scientists discover that

Gila is so aggressive that she's actually been contaminating and taking over all of these other cell lines. Well, you just said she, but I get your point. And she does it in the strangest way. Gila cells can float on dust particles. They can ride on... They can what? They can float on dust particles? Yeah, so they can... You mean they can hop out of a dish and just get on a particle and just float? Mm-hmm. Out the door?

Up the stairs. Down the hall. One HeLa cell. Into a lab. Drops into. Into a dish. A cell culture where there's other cells growing. And because HeLa cells are sort of powerful cells, they take over. So on the heels of this catastrophe, someone at Hopkins decides to make a test. Let's make a test that will allow us to genetically determine if a cell is HeLa or if it isn't. And to make a long story short, this desire for a genetic test

led scientists and then journalists to ask a question which amazingly for 25 years had not been asked. Who was this woman? And that's when we found out her name, Henrietta Lacks. This is the sound of Rebecca reading Henrietta's medical records for the first time.

This is a 30-year-old colored woman. She's sitting with Henrietta's youngest daughter, Deborah. This is 2nd of November, so this is again when she was pregnant with you. Henrietta had five kids when she died at the age of 30. Most have no memory of her because they were too young.

That's especially true of Debra. I was only 15 months old, and I don't remember anything about my mother. Yeah, so she had spent her entire life just sort of longing to know who her mother was, and did she like dancing? I always wanted to know what she liked to do, where she went.

Would she like to eat? Did she breastfeed Deborah? She was really sort of almost fixated on that idea. She wanted to know if she was breastfed. Oh, you know, I don't know what I would give up just to have her here, I tell you. Just to see her and hold her. So in 1973, when a scientist calls the Lacks family and Deborah hears that little bits of the mother that she never knew are still alive...

And, oh, by the way, can we take a blood test from you and your family because we're having some contamination problem? We need these genetic markers, blah, blah, blah. Well, as you could imagine. It took me by surprise. It really did. It was really confusing. I mean, how much of our cells is out there, you know? Eventually, she went online, did some searches, and found...

And found? Thousands and thousands of hits. Like for instance on Gila clones. And Deborah had heard, you know, various journalists in the past had come to her and mentioned, you know, Dolly the cloned sheep and said, you know, your mom, they did this with your mom too, meaning that's actually where the technology started. The first cells ever cloned were Gila cells, but that was just cloning a cell, not cloning an entire being. But that distinction is very complicated.

particularly for somebody who doesn't know what a cell is. So Deborah, between what journalists had told her and Googling Henrietta Lacks and clone, thought there were thousands of clones of her mother around. Really? You mean like a bunch of Henriettas? Thousands. Walking the streets? Walking around. And Rebecca says that one of Deborah's biggest fears was bumping into one of these clones. She said, you know, she would say I would have to go talk to her and she wouldn't know that I was her daughter and I don't know that I could handle that.

It sounds so fantastical. How could someone believe that there are copies of her mother walking around? But at one point, 25 years after their mother died, someone called and said, hey, part of her is still alive and we've grown enough of her so that it could wrap around the earth several times. At that point, all bets are off, I would say. Yeah, right. Exactly. Not to mention that it's actually not that crazy because your DNA is in your cells. So if your cells are taken out of you and they still grow, well, isn't that still you? Yeah.

Alive? It's of you, but it's clearly not you, and it's going on and on. That's, um, it's a funny middle space, that's for sure. Yeah. So here's what happens. Debra and Rebecca decide to team up, to go off in search of Henrietta Lacks together. They begin to interview anyone they can find, friends, family, they dig up old records. And after many, many years, they manage to put together a picture of

of who this woman was. She was born in Roanoke. 1920, Virginia. And I think she was the 10th of the 11 children. But apparently she was the one that stood out. Everybody talked about her as just being, you know, she was the catch. Oh my goodness, I don't think I could top her. This is Sadie Sturdivant, Henrietta's cousin. Henny was a beautiful girl. I was beautiful myself, but Henny was very pretty.

Pretty brown eyes, long hair. And this is Henrietta's sister, Gladys. They've tanned complexion. Everyone that they spoke with zeroed in on the same few points. Like first... She was really meticulous about her nails. Always painted them red. This very deep red. And second, Henrietta just had this... She was very... Strength. Forthright. Very sassy. Like her cells. Now the unfortunate thing is that when it comes to her life, you know, how she lived...

There's not a ton of detail. Right, October. So this is when she first ran with her cancer. But in that hotel room, when the two of them were flipping through the medical records, they did start to get some detail. Okay. Now here's her autopsy. Right. About how she died. These are things I want to take notes about. Was she in a lot of pain when she died? Yeah, this was the hardest thing. It was a lot of pain.

She was eventually in a pretty unbelievable amount of pain. She complains of pain in the right lower quadrant. Wailing and crying and, you know, moaning for the Lord to help her. According to the records, doctors tried everything. Morphine, they injected 100% alcohol straight into her spine. Wow. She complains of pain in spite of the alcohol injection last week. She would have these fits of pain. She would have these fits of pain.

There were spasms where this waves of pain would hit her and she would rise up out of the bed and thrash around. So they strapped her to the bed and her sister, along with one of her friends, you know, one of them would tighten the straps and the other one would put a pillow in her mouth so that she wouldn't bite her tongue. Now, dealing with how her mother died was one thing.

But the cells made it more complicated. For Deborah, her mother was alive in these cells somehow. So if that's true, that left very big questions. And the first of them for Deborah was how can...

henretta rest in peace if part of her with part of her soul is being you know shot up to the moon and injected with all these chemicals and irradiated and bombarded it was just so painful knowing you know they had her cells on the back of a donkey going to turkey you know in the airplanes just going all over the world uh

I just don't know. She worried about them. She worried that it hurt her mother when you infect the cells with Ebola. Does somehow her mother feel the pain that comes with Ebola? And had a scientist ever sat down with her? No. I mean, just explain to her? No, never. Nothing. Because it just strikes me that it wouldn't be that hard to explain that when you take cells out of a body, it's kind of like when you cut your fingernail.

off. It just doesn't... But your fingernail doesn't keep growing and living after you cut it off. It's really hard. There is no other example of some way that you can take something from someone's body and have it keep living and not have a person feel it. And all these worries, says Rebecca, began to build in Deborah's mind and build...

and build. There came at this point, so we were at her cousin's house. This is her cousin, Gary. She was broken out in hives and she was telling him all the stuff that she'd recently learned. You can almost hear it on the tape. She says to him, she can't carry the burden of these cells anymore. She can't do it. And

And I had been sort of trying to talk her down, and he was trying to talk her down. And then just out of nowhere, he just started singing. I know the Lord's been good, y'all. I know the Lord's been good. He put food on my table. I know the Lord's been good.

And he started preaching. There are some things that doctors cannot do. He held her head in his hands. And we come to you tonight, the author and the finisher of our faith. And we thank you for being a way maker. You make a path in the mighty water. You cause the mountains to skip like rams and the loom to heal like lamb. We thank you tonight.

Thank you, Lord. Thank you, Fratello. Thank you, Lord. Thank you. Thank you, Lord. Thank you. Thank you, Jesus. Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Amen. Amen. Amen. Thank you, Jesus. Amen. And she just relaxed. I feel like I'm there. I feel like...

She didn't realize it then, but that night, Debra was on the verge of a stroke. Do you want to walk? He said he's just up this hill. One of the last things the two of them did together was to visit Hopkins and meet her mother's cells for the first time. I'll show you the drone and I can show you the cells. Okay.

Because the scientist had finally contacted her. Christoph Lengauer, the scientist who invited us into his lab to see the cells, he had projected them onto a screen. Don't be confused. They look green here, okay? They're sort of neon green in this particular case because of the way they were stained and projected. So they're very ethereal looking. They're very sort of, they glow, you know? I mean, when you think about angels, right, you think of something glowing.

Kristoff turned on this screen and she just, you know, I mean, Debra just gasped. She just, ugh. Oh my God. This is about 200 times bigger than what they really are. A swirling hurricane of cells. Did you say, oh, that's my mother? Yeah. Pretty good, pretty good. I just can't believe it. Yeah, yeah. Oh, God.

Just a week before Rebecca and I spoke in the studio,

She got a call that Deborah had died. She had a heart attack and died in her sleep. Okay, so as you may know at this point, that segment was based on Rebecca Skloot's book, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. It's an amazing book. It came out right when we released that piece. It's been a couple of years now. And recently we met up with Rebecca in Chicago.

Just to get an update. It's like the book came out. Because since the publication of that book, the whole story just sort of exploded. It just took off. Scholarships were named after Henrietta. Henrietta was given an honorary doctorate. Monuments. Highway placards and historical landmarks and everything.

buildings named after her. There's a high school called Henrietta Lacks High, Keila High for short. Meanwhile the book is exploding. She went on this like insane book tour. Members of the Lacks family began to join her. It started off with just Sonny Lacks would go and do a sort of on-stage Q&A and people started cheering and scientists standing up saying

I want to tell you what I did with these cells and I want to tell you why this was important for me and I'm sorry it was hard for you and people reaching out I'm alive today because this drug that your mother sells helped develop her you know I do this in my lab and they just it never stopped it was just a flood which is in a way what Deborah always wanted she wanted to go to every event she wanted to be on every television show she had her dress picked out for Oprah like

you know, eight years before the book came out. You know, she was, Deborah wanted this. This is exactly what she always dreamed of. But then, just last year, something interesting happens, interesting and troubling. So yeah, so March 2013, this group of scientists from Germany sequenced the HeLa genome and published it online, where anyone can download it. You just click a button, I downloaded it, it was just there. And they did not ask the family. And my initial reaction when I saw this press coverage was,

They did what? Because within the HeLa genome, there was also Henrietta's genome. And some of that was 50% of that was passed on to her kids and 25% potentially to her grandkids. But one of the things, so when they put out a press release when this genome was sequenced and on it, it had a little, you know, frequently asked questions that the press might wonder about. And one of them was, can you learn anything about Henrietta or her children from this genome? And the answer was no, can't learn anything about them. And I do, and I believe that they,

that they believe this. But this is a misconception. You can, in fact, learn about people. And in fact, you cannot even hide it.

people's private information if you try. And so one researcher took the genome and created essentially a report on Henrietta's genes. You have X percent chance of bipolar disorder, alcoholism, obesity. It just has this huge range of things. And some of it is, yes, there's some real potential privacy violation, like with the Alzheimer's genes and things like that, bits of information about her family. Did Henrietta have

I will not tell you. Well, this report that this dude made, did he list all of these things you're describing? And he sent it to me. So I called the laxes and said, you know, did you know anything about this? Rebecca had called. You know, they did not.

And it kind of bothered us because we're saying, okay, why wasn't the family involved with this decision making? That was Jerry Lacks? Jerry Lacks. Why? Henrietta Lacks' granddaughter? Back in the 50s, you had Henrietta Lacks. Her cells were removed without her family's knowledge. Then you go in the 70s, my dad and his siblings, they took blood samples.

used it for research. They didn't give consent. Then you come 2013 and you have Henrietta's, I felt as though it was her medical records being published publicly. You know, their first question was, can you get them to take it down? And so we can figure out what it is, what it means. So I remember

I reached out to the scientists and said, the Lacks family has asked that you take this down. And they replied immediately. They took it offline immediately. And then I contacted Francis Collins, who's the head of the NIH. I also reached out to Kathy Hudson, who used to run the Genetics and Public Policy Center at Hopkins and is now over at the NIH dealing with a lot of these issues. So I reached out to them and said, somebody needs to try to just

help the black women get consent. Somebody needs to just go back, pretend like this is starting now, and just do what probably should have happened in the first place. And I say it might have been like a couple of weeks after that, several weeks after that, that we had a meeting with NIH. It was

It was my mom, myself, my sister, my dad, my uncle, my brother David, my sister Kim, my cousin Ron, Rebecca Skloot. She was actually on a conference call. All the NIH folks drove up to Baltimore. We Googled their names. Dr. Collins and Kathy got sitting there. It was like, oh, we were kind of excited. Like, okay, yeah, we're sitting in a room with the director. They all met. Just to...

listen to everybody, you know, listen to our concerns, listen to our questions. What can be done? What can't be done? The Lacks family asked about everything you could possibly imagine. Went over, you know, the information about genome, gene mapping, sequencing. Just the basic science of genomes. To get a clear understanding of what the genome meant to science. We don't want to stop science, but yet we don't want

certain information to be just broadly available publicly. So they laid out three options. One was we don't release any of them at all. And then there was a second option, which was release it with no restrictions. Just put it out there like the Germans did. And then there was a third option, which was release it with restrictions. So the NIH would house it on their own servers and

And then in order to get access to it, you would have to send in an application that said, "This is the research we're going to do." There would be a committee formed that was a group of scientists and then some members of the Lacks family. The HeLa Geno committee. One grandchild and one great grandchild. My brother David and my cousin Veronica. And obviously this is the option they picked. So yeah, there's this committee and they just, a few weeks ago, saw their first batch of applications.

And then the news hit and it was the first time that they were part of the news. So they, the third generation, the lax family, like Jerry lax was on MSNBC live doing an interview about this. And like, she, you know, she'd never done this before. And you know,

They were in every newspaper. I mean, it was everywhere. Yeah, it's pretty exciting. Yeah, we are stepping into the spotlight. It's the grandchildren. The third and fourth generation of Laxus. It's the great-grandchildren. This is their story now. And that's, you know, the other thing that is an undercurrent for all this is Deborah's gone. She was the one who was just so forceful and so dedicated with getting the information out there about her mom.

And, you know, when I look at the four years since the book came out, you know, there are a few moments that stand out as incredibly emotional ones for me having to do with Deborah. But this, the first meeting, sitting on this speakerphone, listening to this conversation,

These high officials sitting at the table and have sincere concern about our questions. If she could have said, what do I dream might someday happen? That would be what she would have described. I can just imagine her just sitting there in the chair, just laughing, rocking back and forth, twiddling her fingers, saying, yay. Just absorbing all of this, this excitement.

And I guess it's a good time for us to say goodbye. I'm Chad Abumrad. Thanks for listening.

Hi, I'm Maricruz, and I'm from Lima, Peru. And here are the staff credits. Radiolab was created by Yad Amrad and is edited by Soren Wheeler. Lulu Miller and Vadiv Naser are our co-hosts. Dylan Kipp is our director of sound design. Our staff includes Simon Adler, Jeremy Bloom, Becca Bressler, W. Harry Fortuna, David Gable, Maria Paz Gutierrez,

Our fact-checkers are Diane Kelly, Emily Krieger, and Natalie Middleton.

Hi, my name is Michael Smith. I'm calling from Pennington, New Jersey. Leadership support for Radiolab's science programming is provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Science Sandbox, the Simons Foundation Initiative, and the John Templeton Foundation. Foundational support for Radiolab was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

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