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High Tide

2025/3/14
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Criminal

AI Deep Dive AI Chapters Transcript
People
E
Etta L. Fields-Black
H
Harriet Tubman
M
Minus Hamilton
P
Phoebe Judge
Topics
Minus Hamilton: 我于1863年6月的一个清晨,在南卡罗来纳州康比河的稻田里劳作。我们被奴役,在黑暗中步行一英里到稻田,周围有铜头蛇和水蝮蛇。我们弯着腰,挥舞着长柄锄头,在泥泞中劳作数小时。那天早上,我们听到船只靠近的声音。我与妻子Hager及成年子女在同一庄园被奴役,我知道自己88岁,因为我在老主人Lowndes的庄园出生,并在‘大书’中记录了自己的年龄。我曾被卖到这个庄园,在南北战争开始前几年就来到这里。那天早上,当我们看到船时,监工让我们躲进树林,说北方佬来了,要将我们卖到古巴。但我们无视他,直接奔向船。我身上只穿着一件裤子,妻子Hager穿着一件长袍,头上裹着一条手帕。我们很遗憾没能回去拿我们仅有的两条毯子。我们被告知叛军来了,必须赶紧走,我妻子说让我们赶紧上船,我们不怕他们。后来,我看着庄园的一切被烧毁,但我不在乎,我只想上船。在船上,我非常敬畏那些黑人士兵,看到身穿制服的年轻黑人,这让我感到非常震撼。我和妻子年纪大了,走得慢,但年轻人跑得很快。我感谢那些能快速行动的年轻人,也许他们还帮助像我和妻子这样行动不便的人到达了河边。 Etta L. Fields-Black: 我是卡内基梅隆大学的历史学家和教授。我研究了康比河突袭,以及哈丽特·塔布曼在南北战争期间为黑人自由所做的贡献。哈丽特·塔布曼在1849年开始计划逃跑,但第一次尝试失败了。几天后,她独自一人再次尝试,成功逃离了种植园。她走了一英里,到达了一位贵格会妇女的家中,躲在后院,等待妇女的丈夫回家。她沿着地下铁路走了两站,最终到达费城。在费城,她得知她的侄女将被出售,于是决定返回营救她。次年,她又为她最小的弟弟做了同样的事情。后来,他们全家一起搬到了加拿大。1850年《逃亡奴隶法》通过后,费城变得太危险了,所以哈丽特·塔布曼离开了美国。她制定了自己的逃跑策略,选择冬季周六作为最佳逃跑时间,因为奴隶们通常在周日休息,种植园主直到周一才会知道他们失踪了。漫长的冬夜给了他们更多的时间在黑暗中行走。她试图在节假日之前将人们带走,因为种植园主经常在年底出售奴隶来偿还债务。哈丽特·塔布曼在逃亡过程中,会在脚上涂抹红洋葱,以掩盖自己的气味,并携带一把装满子弹的枪。她懂得如何阅读环境,如何在环境中保持安全,如何在环境中导航,不仅为自己,也为一群害怕、绝望、恐惧的逃亡者寻找安全的地方隐藏他们,同时她还要寻找食物。哈丽特·塔布曼被马萨诸塞州州长派去为联邦军队做间谍,收集情报,并帮助联邦军队找到了并移除了康比河中的水雷。她还招募了熟悉康比河航行的男子。6月1日日落后,三艘船准备出发,前往稻田。他们计划驶上河流,解放尽可能多的奴隶,以帮助补充第二南卡罗来纳志愿团,并切断敌军的补给线。南方邦联利用该地区种植的水稻来喂养军队和平民,并将其出口到欧洲。当船只靠近康比河上的七个种植园时,小船被放入了水中,将人们运送到船上。1863年6月,种植园上的人们已经能够区分联邦和邦联,他们知道自由在博福特。士兵们带着美国国旗,吹着号角,向人们挥舞旗帜。船上的士兵是第二南卡罗来纳志愿团的黑人士兵,因此一些士兵对稻田里的人们来说很熟悉。我发现我的曾曾祖父Hector Fields参加了康比河突袭。 Phoebe Judge: 我主持这个节目,讲述了康比河突袭的故事。哈丽特·塔布曼出生于1822年左右,在马里兰州剑桥县被奴役。她来自一个大家庭,父母彼此相爱,尽管他们不被允许合法结婚。从五岁起,她就照顾弟弟妹妹,因为母亲被迫工作。六岁时,她被送到邻近的家庭工作,不得不离开自己的家人。她反抗奴隶主,并因保护一名被奴役的男孩而头部受伤,导致终身脑损伤,终身遭受癫痫和幻觉困扰。她利用北极星作为向导,学会了在野外生存的技能,并最终逃到了费城。在费城,她得知她的侄女将被出售,决定返回营救她。次年,她又为她最小的弟弟做了同样的事情。后来,他们全家一起搬到了加拿大。南北战争爆发后,她被派去为联邦军队做间谍,收集情报,并领导了康比河突袭。突袭非常成功,解放了数百人。 Harriet Tubman: 我出生于1822年左右,在马里兰州剑桥县被奴役。我目睹了母亲被迫工作,以及姐妹被卖到南方,从此再也没有见过她们。我独自一人逃离了种植园,并通过地下铁路到达了费城。我得知我的侄女将被出售,于是返回营救她。次年,我为我的弟弟做了同样的事情。后来,我帮助我的父母逃离了马里兰州。我被派去为联邦军队做间谍,并领导了康比河突袭。我看到人们奔向船,带着锅、猪和孩子,拼命逃跑。我帮助人们搬运东西,我的裙子在稻田里被荆棘钩住了。我看到人们带着他们能带走的一切东西逃跑,包括锅、猪和孩子。妇女们带着孩子,孩子紧紧地抱着她们的腿、裙子和背。我看到一个孩子坐在母亲的肩膀上,母亲头上顶着一个冒着热气的米饭锅,孩子在逃跑的路上吃着米饭。人群延伸到视线所能及的每一个方向。我能想象突袭的声音:人们的喊叫声、奔跑声和呼唤家人的声音;猪的哼哼声、鸡的咯咯声和孩子的哭声;所有这些混乱的声音,人们试图把他们的家人聚集在一起,把每个人带到河边,然后上船。我想象着老年人、残疾人和行动不便的人们,尽可能快地跑到船边,以及其他人试图帮助他们。我亲自去了种植园,去了奴隶宿舍,劝说人们奔向自由。我帮助妇女们搬运东西,特别是帮助一个贫穷的、生病的妇女,她带着两头猪。然后,联邦指挥官命令每个人尽快回到船上。我的裙子被稻田里的荆棘钩住了,我努力挣脱,裙子几乎被撕裂了。

Deep Dive

Chapters
This chapter discusses the harsh working conditions of enslaved people, including Minus Hamilton, on the rice plantations along the Combahee River in South Carolina.
  • Enslaved people worked in dangerous conditions, with threats from wildlife like snakes and alligators.
  • Children as young as nine had their own tasks in the rice fields.
  • Minus Hamilton, an enslaved man, was 88 years old and worked on the plantation with his family.

Shownotes Transcript

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It was 4 a.m., and the people were in the rice fields. The people working in the rice fields on that day in 1863 were enslaved. They were working on one of several rice plantations on the Cumbee River in South Carolina. One of the men working in the field, Minus Hamilton, later described that morning. And he says that from the slave cabins, they walked about a mile in the darkness,

when they could not see their hands in front of their faces, and there were plenty of copperheads and water moccasins, you know, that they could have stepped on, into the rice fields, stood ankle-deep in muck—the official term is pluff mud, i.e. muck—

And hoeing rice, you know, with their backs bent at about a 45-degree angle with long-handled hoes and hoeing rice for hours. Etta L. Fields Black is a historian and professor at Carnegie Mellon University. Minus Hamilton lived with his wife, Hager, and some of their adult children were enslaved on the same plantation.

In 1863, Minus Hamilton told someone that he was 88 years old. And that he knew he was 88 years old because he was born on Old Master Lowndes' plantation. And when the slaves came to the age of sense, as he called it, when they caught sense, they would write their own ages down in the big book. So he says that's how he knows how old he was, that he was 88 years old.

He had grown up on another plantation in the area and came to this plantation with his wife and two adult children after they were sold. It was about a year before the start of the Civil War. Minus Hamilton had been working on this plantation for a few years, and on that June morning, nothing seemed out of the ordinary.

people who were strong and young and able-bodied would end up helping elderly relatives and or children, their own children, who after maybe nine or 10 years old would have their own tasks to work. And I like to point out at 4 a.m., as people are standing in these rice fields, the children would have been in a task probably adjacent to their parents and

Again, you can't see your hands in front of your faces. And there are alligators in the rice fields. Even today, there are alligators in the rice fields. So you're standing among alligators and snakes that you can't really see. And you're hoeing rice at 4 a.m. But then they heard a boat approaching on the water. The night before, right after sunset, three boats had left the wharf of nearby Beaufort, South Carolina.

They were headed for the Cumbie River. It was high tide, so it was less likely for the three Union Army ships to run aground. But to get to the Cumbie River, they had to first sail through another river, the Coosa River. This was risky.

The Kusaw River is notorious for its sandbars. And it was, you know, they're navigating in the dark under the light of the full moon. But there were men aboard the boats who knew these rivers well. Some of them were formerly enslaved men who had grown up in the area and had freed themselves. And they'd been recruited by a Union spy to help the Army navigate. Her name was Harriet Tubman.

She was on one of the boats going up the river. The boats only had six hours before the low tide would make it very difficult to sail back. But one of the three boats runs aground.

They did not know that the Confederacy, you know, didn't have boats in the water and wasn't, you know, ready to pick them off. And so they left it behind. And with it, they left behind half of their carrying capacity. And they proceeded, the two boats proceeded up the river. They swing into the Cumbee River. You know, now they're headed up to the Cumbee Plantations, the rice plantations.

The first plantation they would have encountered was where Minus Hamilton was enslaved. And one of the commanders says that he could see, quote, woolly heads at work in the rice fields. And we know that one of them was Minus Hamilton. When the people on the rice field saw the first boat, Minus Hamilton said that the plantation overseer started shouting at them. The overseer was in the rice fields on horseback.

and the overseer shouted to the people to run to the woods and hide. He said that the Yankees had come and would finally sell them to Cuba. They should run and hide. And everyone ignores him, and everyone went straight to the boat. I'm Phoebe Judge. This is Criminal. Harriet Tubman was born around 1822. She was born enslaved in Cambridge County, Maryland.

to a large and very close family. Her parents were committed to one another, even though they were not allowed to legally marry. They had nine children. From the time she was five years old, Harriet Tubman watched her younger siblings while their mother was forced to work. When she turned six, Harriet was sent to work for a neighboring family, and she had to live with them, leaving her own family.

She was living in the house with them, and that is not what she wanted to do. And she expressed this in her own way. You could say that this was really her first act of resistance to not, you know, try to endear herself in any way to the slaveholder and the slave mistress of the plantation.

Harriet Tubman later described how, as a child, she felt humiliated when she was forced to stand up in front of the White family in a special petticoat made for her. She did not want to be in that close proximity. And so she is then sent outdoors to do things like check muskrat traps and

which she does in very bad weather, wet, cold, damp. She was hired out to another family to take care of their baby. Harriet was so small that she couldn't hold the baby but had to sit on the floor with it in her lap. If the baby cried, she had to stay up all night. And if the baby's mother woke up from the noise, she would whip Harriet. She was eventually sent to a farm to work as a field hand.

Another act of resistance is she was sent to the store, sort of the general store in Dorchester, Maryland. And another overseer was chasing

and attempting to brutalize an enslaved boy who was in the store with Tubman. And Tubman kind of stood between them, and the overseer picked up an iron weight and hurled it at the boy, and it ended up hitting Tubman in the head and fracturing her skull. She had to be carried back to the farm, but no one called a doctor. The next day, she was sent to the field to work.

but was so injured that the man she worked for said she was, quote, not worth a sixpence. So she was incapacitated for a long period of time and was sent back to be cared for by her mother. But this led to a very serious brain injury and something that plagued her really for the rest of her life.

Throughout her life, Harriet Tubman suffered from seizures and could suddenly lose consciousness. She experienced visions, which she interpreted as prophecies. She described how she would sometimes hear angels singing or felt like she was floating above the earth. When she was a teenager, the slaveholder tried, but failed, to sell her. And so Harriet offered to pay him every year if she could decide who she worked for and what she did. He agreed.

She started working in a store and in Wheaton cornfields and gave most of her wages to the slaveholder. As she got older and got stronger, she was sent to work primarily with her father and to work out of doors as a field hand. And often, even though she was quite a petite woman, often did the work of men.

outdoors in terms of chopping wood and driving steers and things like that. She used part of her earnings to buy her own cattle, who helped make tasks like plowing easier. She went to live with her father, and they spent a lot of time outdoors. She learned about really surviving in the outdoors and

Learning which plants to eat and which plants not to eat, which animals to hunt, you know, at certain times of the year, where certain edible roots and fruits could be found. Learning where to hide and conceal herself. Etta Fields Black writes that Harriet Tubman had a, quote, gift for reading the landscape. Her father taught her how to use the North Star as a guide.

She noticed the way moss grew on trees, and she knew the different kinds of plants in the forest. In her early 20s, she married John Tubman, who was a free black man. But if they had children, they would be born into slavery because Harriet was enslaved. After their wedding, Harriet had visions of mothers and children being separated.

She worried this was a warning of what was to come. Something that I think really impacted her and her family for the rest of her life is that two of her older sisters were sold away from the family by the person who held them in bondage and sold to the Deep South, so possibly Alabama, Mississippi area, and they were never seen again.

Both of her sisters had children. One of them was just a baby. The children stayed behind when the two women were sold to a chain gang. And this is something that I think haunted Tubman in many, many ways. She later said that after she saw what happened to her sisters, she was always afraid that she might get sold too and prayed several times a day that it wouldn't happen. And then, when Harriet Tubman was in her 20s, she started suspecting that she and her brothers...

We're going to be sold. And so they decided to run away. We'll be right back. Support for Criminal comes from Quince. Every once in a while, it's nice to treat yourself. But a lot of times that comes with a high price tag. Quince says that when you shop with them, you can get quality luxury essentials at affordable prices.

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Start Ritual or add Essential for Women 18 Plus to your subscription today. That's ritual.com slash criminal for 25% off. In 1849, Harriet Tubman and her brothers started planning their escape. The first attempt she made with her brothers, and her brothers became frightened and pressured her to return to the plantation. But a few days later, Harriet Tubman tried again, alone.

She couldn't tell any of her family members, or even her husband, what she was planning to do. It was too risky. She walked off the plantation singing to herself, and kept walking for about a mile until she reached the home of a Quaker woman. She hid in the backyard, waiting for the woman's husband to come home. Anne pretended to be doing...

housework and yard work until her husband came and put her in the wagon and drove her to the next house. She made two stops on the Underground Railroad, which was well established by the 1840s. It's interesting, we often think of the Underground Railroad as being, the Quakers as being primarily white. There were a lot of free Black people who were hiding slaves as well and helping them get to freedom.

And then Harriet Tubman kept walking. She knew she needed to get to Pennsylvania, the nearest free state. She was the North Star as a guide, as her father had taught her. And she followed the rivers, what she knew ran north. Eventually, she made it to Philadelphia. But in Philadelphia, Harriet Tubman received a message that her niece was going to be sold, and Harriet decided to turn around to get her out. It worked. The next year, she did the same thing for her youngest brother.

The family decided to move to Canada together. Philadelphia had become too dangerous after the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850, also called the Bloodhound Act. The Fugitive Slave Act basically said that any enslaved person or person who was perceived to be enslaved could be re-enslaved. And it deputized, if you will, the federal government...

even in free states, and made them responsible to return these people to slaveholders, people who claimed to own them. This basically meant that any black person could be kidnapped, accused of being a runaway slave, and sold into slavery in the South. So Harriet Tubman left the country.

And then she works her way back to Maryland, and she continues to rescue people and then send them to Canada, where they would be safe, and she would go back and rescue more people. She developed her own roots and strategies that she would share with people. She learned that Saturdays in winter were the best days for an escape. Enslaved people often had Sunday off, so slaveholders wouldn't know they were gone until Monday.

And the long winter nights gave them more time to walk in the dark. She tried to get people out before the holidays. Slaveholders often sold enslaved people at the end of the year to pay off debt. Etta Fields Black writes that the Christmas holidays were known as the weeping time. When she walked, Harriet Tubman would rub red onions on her feet so bloodhounds couldn't pick up her scent. And she carried a loaded gun. She knew how to read the environment.

how to remain safe on it, how to navigate through it. And of course, not only herself, but a group of scared, desperate, frightened freedom seekers finding safe places to conceal them while she foraged for food. One journalist later wrote that she, quote, possessed a miraculous geographical instinct, never forgetting any detail of a route.

She got her parents out of Maryland. They were in their 70s and unable to walk the long distance. So Harriet built a type of horse-drawn carriage for them. She tried four times to get her sister Rachel and Rachel's children out, but never succeeded. She became known as Moses. People didn't know her real identity. Many slaveholders assumed Moses was a white man. And then the Civil War broke out.

In South Carolina, the Union, or the U.S. Army, occupied Beaufort and surrounding areas. Etta Fields Black writes that Harriet Tubman would almost certainly have been following the news about what was happening. It's during this time that Tubman is sent by the governor of Massachusetts down to serve as a spy for the army. She was going to be spying on the Confederacy.

Why do you think that she was recruited as a spy? I mean, what were they looking for? They were looking, I think, for people who knew how to navigate safely within Confederate territory.

People who could learn the land, people who were used to operating in disguise and in plain sight. These were all things that Tubman did on the Underground Railroad. I also think they were looking for a certain level of fearlessness. She risks everything to come south.

Harriet Tubman gathered intelligence from people who'd escaped slavery and were now living in a type of refugee camp.

And she interviewed people. She talked to the people who came from Confederate territory. These people had often seen all kinds of things. They knew where Confederate troops were stationed, what were their movements, what were their troop strengths, their armaments.

And she would get that kind of information from them and give it to the U.S. Army commanders. We know, for example, that Tubman's intelligence gathering, her espionage gathering, led to finding the people, the enslaved people, who were forced to mine the Cumbee River with torpedoes. And she led a ring of spies, scouts, and pilots, all men, all

formerly enslaved, she and her men went to the Cumbee River and removed those torpedoes, and they opened the river to the U.S. Army. And Harriet Tubman also recruited men who knew how to navigate a boat up the river. And so after sunset on June 1st, the three boats were ready to go, headed for the rice plantations.

They were planning to go up the river, liberate as many enslaved people as they could to help fill out the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers Regiment and to cut the supply line. The Confederacy was using the rice grown in this region to feed its military and to feed its civilians.

It was also selling the rice and exporting it to Europe. As the boats got close to each of the seven plantations on the Cumbee River, rowboats were put in the water to transport people to the boats. When Minus Hamilton saw the boat, he went straight for it. Every person in the rice fields dropped their hose and everyone went straight to the boat.

Hamilton tells us what he and his wife had on. He had on only a pair of pantaloons, and she had on a single frock with a handkerchief on her head. He regretted that he could not go back to the slave quarters and get the only things he had, which were two blankets, but he said he was going to the boat.

And he says that, you know, the people behind him are warning him and his wife, Hager, that the rebels are coming. They've got to hurry up. And then she says, tell them to come on. Tell them to come on. You know, we're going to the boat. We're not afraid of them. We'll be right back.

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When every second counts, count on ADT. Requires ADT complete, pro-monitoring plan and compatible devices. Copyright 2025 ADT LLC. All rights reserved. Plantation owners and their overseers tried to force, or convince, enslaved people to hide from the U.S. Army. But Etta Fields Black says people watching the boats approaching knew why they had come.

I think that by June of 1863, people on these plantations would have known the difference between the Union and the Confederacy. And they knew that freedom was in Beaufort. When the soldiers actually arrive, they, first of all, the boats are carrying the U.S. flag. The soldiers are blowing horns.

and waving flags at the people. The soldiers on the boats were Black men from the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers Regiment, and so some of the soldiers were familiar to people on the rice plantations. Harriet Tubman later described how she saw people running to the boats. She described people running for their lives and carrying anything they possibly could

And this included things like pots and

It included pigs. It included their children. And that women just had children clinging to them from all sides, to their legs, to their skirts, to their backs. They had children on their shoulders. She spoke of one child who was riding on his mother's shoulders. The mother had a steaming rice pot on her head. And so the child is eating rice in flight.

Hundreds of people rushed to the riverbanks to make it onto the boats. Harriet Tubman said it was like there was a, quote, mysterious telegraphic communication between people in the area telling them to run to the river. Someone described how the crowds extended in every direction as far as the eye could see.

One can just imagine the sounds of the raid, of people shouting and running and calling out to family members. Tubman talks about, you know, pigs grunting and chickens squawking and children crying and, you know, just all of this confusion as people are trying to get their families together and get everyone down to the river and onto the boat.

You think about elderly people, disabled people, people who had different kinds of mobility challenges trying to get down to the boat as fast as they possibly could and other people trying to help them. Harriet Tubman herself actually goes on to the plantations and in one account goes to slave quarters and coaxes people to come to freedom. Tubman helped Harriet.

Women carry things, particularly a poor, sick woman. She said the woman had two pigs, and so she's helping people carry things and run. And then the Union commanders ordered everyone back on the boat as fast as possible. There are some very strong, prickly things

I don't know, stalks in the rice fields. They kind of grow up out of the rice fields. And Tubman's long skirt gets caught on some of these. And she talks about, you know, just getting caught and stepping on her skirt and trying to get out. And basically her skirt gets nearly ripped off as she's trying to get out of the terrain.

The soldiers started setting fire to the plantations. Minus Hamilton later described watching everything burn. The slaveholder's house, all the buildings on his plantation, the rice that was stored in the barn, the rice that was growing in the fields, watching all of that be destroyed.

And he says he didn't care anything at all about that. He was going to the boat. But there is a problem. Since one of the three boats had run aground and never made it to the plantations, there wasn't enough room for everyone. There were people hanging on to the rowboats. You know, people are trying to prevent the rowboats from leaving without them.

The crew in the rowboats had to hit people's hands with their oars to get them to let go. One person described the people left by the river as, quote, the saddest sight of the whole expedition. But the sun was coming up, and they had to hurry.

As the boats pulled away, the riverbanks were full of personal belongings that people hadn't been able to bring. Just mounds of things, whether they're clothes or pots or kettles, that were left behind on the riverbank after the boats took off. On one of the boats, a White Union commander, Colonel Montgomery, asked Harriet Tubman to, quote, "'speak a word of consolation.'"

But Tubman and the newly freed people could barely understand each other. They were speaking a dialect which becomes the Gullah language. And Harriet Tubman and people in the Maryland Eastern Shore would have been speaking a different Creole language, which is closer to standard English. Minus Hamilton and his wife Hager had made it onto the boat. He was in complete awe of the Black soldiers.

You know, to see young Black men in uniform is likely something that he never thought he would live to see. Hamilton also tells us that, you know, the old folks like himself and his wife had to go slowly, but the young people could go by force. And if you think about people like Minus Hamilton and his wife, who couldn't run, right?

You know, as he talks about how he thanks the young people who can go by force, I wonder if they weren't carried down to the river by some of these black soldiers for whom he had so much awe. 756 people got on the boats that morning. Etta Fields Black calls it one of the most successful Union expeditions of the entire Civil War.

When people got on the boats and the boats went back to Beaufort overnight and arrived the next morning on June 3rd, there was a crowd. People turned out to see the Cumbee Freedom Seekers on the morning after the raid. And from the wharf in downtown Beaufort, they marched down the main street.

in what one of the newspapers called the dirty gray field suits that they wore in the rice fields the morning before. And people cried to see these people who were fresh out of bondage, fresh off the plantations, you know, who were skin and bones with all kinds of

injuries and misfortunes, but they had their freedom. And many of them were reunited with family members who were already free in Beaufort. The morning after the raid, about 150 men from the Cumbie enlisted in the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers, which was the same regiment that brought them to liberation. We know that from their wives primarily,

that they knew their husbands were going to war. That when the U.S. Army showed up and they got on the boats, they said, "We're going to Buford and our husbands are going to war." Etta L. Fields Black's book is "Cumbie: Harriet Tubman, the Cumbie River Raid, and Black Freedom During the Civil War." While researching the book, Etta says she was surprised to find documents — soldiers' pension files — with new details about the men who fought in the raid and their families.

And she found one of her ancestors in the records. I learned that my third great-grandfather, Hector Fields, fought in the Cumbee Raid. Hector was probably on a plantation in the area. He must have liberated himself and then enlisted in the 2nd South Carolina. After the raid, Minus Hamilton told this story to a Union commander.

After that, we don't know what happened to him. But we do know a little bit about his daughter, Bina. She purchased land in downtown Beaufort, and she opened a Freedman's Bank account. And it's really through her Freedman's Bank account that I and my research team began to identify her as Minus Hamilton's daughter. She names her father as Minus.

She says that he's dead by the time she opens that Freedman's Bank account, and that's the only record that we have of Minus Hamilton's death. Harriet Tubman lived to be 91. Do you think that it's possible that Harriet Tubman and Minus Hamilton might have met on the boat? Ha ha ha ha ha ha!

I love that. Yes, I think it's possible. I definitely think it's possible. Now, they would have been on separate boats, but they could have met in Beaufort. They certainly, they must have met at the church where the Freedom Seekers were taken the morning after the raid. They may have walked down Bay Street together together.

from the boat parked at the wharf in downtown Beaufort, minus Hamilton and Harriet Tubman. Criminal is created by Lauren Spohr and me. Nadia Wilson is our senior producer. Katie Bishop is our supervising producer. Our producers are Susanna Robertson, Jackie Sajico, Lily Clark, Lena Sillison, and Megan Kinane. Our show is mixed and engineered by Veronica Simonetti.

Julian Alexander makes original illustrations for each episode of Criminal. You can see them at thisiscriminal.com. And you can sign up for our newsletter at thisiscriminal.com slash newsletter. We hope you'll join our new membership program, Criminal Plus. Once you sign up, you can listen to Criminal episodes without any ads. And you'll get bonus episodes with me and Criminal co-creator Lauren Spohr, too. To learn more, go to thisiscriminal.com slash plus.

We're on Facebook and Twitter @CriminalShow and Instagram @criminal_podcast. We're also on YouTube at youtube.com/criminalpodcast. Criminal is part of the Vox Media Podcast Network. Discover more great shows at podcast.voxmedia.com. I'm Phoebe Judge. This is Criminal. Support for Criminal comes from ADT. ADT's trusted neighbor sets a higher standard for home security systems.

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