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When Black Holes Collide with Nergis Mavalvala

2025/4/1
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Neil deGrasse Tyson
以主持《宇宙:时空之旅》和《星谈》等科学节目而闻名的美国天体物理学家和科学传播者。
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Nergis Mavalvala
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Nergis Mavalvala: 我认为我们可以这样理解:认为太空是空的,这很诱人。但事实并非如此。太空并非空无一物,它具有许多动态特性,例如弯曲、波动甚至撕裂。因此,这就是时空的波动部分。当我们拥有大质量物体时,它们应该具有引力,如果它们只是…… 我们目前能够探测到的引力波主要来自中子星和黑洞等致密天体,因为它们拥有极高的密度和引力。霍金辐射源于黑洞的量子力学特性,粒子与反粒子对的产生和湮灭过程中,一部分能量会以辐射的形式释放,从而导致黑洞缓慢蒸发。引力并非以某种粒子形式传播,而是时空几何的一部分,我们只能观测到黑洞视界之外的引力波。通过测量引力波的波长和振幅等特性,我们可以推断出产生引力波的天体的性质。LIGO探测到的引力波来自两个约30倍太阳质量的黑洞,它们碰撞时的速度达到光速的一半,释放出巨大的能量。将声音添加到引力波的观测数据中是一种将科学数据映射到人类感官的编码方式,并非引力波本身发出的声音。目前LIGO的灵敏度不足以探测到宇宙早期(例如大爆炸后极短时间内)的引力波。我们对宇宙大爆炸的了解主要来自光,但光在宇宙早期无法逃逸,而引力波则可以穿透早期宇宙的阻碍,为我们提供更早期的宇宙信息。LIGO通过“压缩”光的方式来减少噪声,提高测量精度。LIGO探测到的引力波信号引起的路径长度差异极小,约为10^-18米,相当于质子直径的千分之一。目前引力波观测已经发现了许多超出预期的现象,例如质量超过100倍太阳质量的黑洞,这表明我们对恒星的形成和演化过程的理解可能存在不足。 Neil deGrasse Tyson: 爱因斯坦的广义相对论将引力视为时空的几何属性,而非力,并预言了引力波的存在。引力波可以被比作平静水面上的涟漪,其波长和振幅反映了产生波动的物体的质量和运动。目前LIGO的灵敏度不足以探测到宇宙早期(例如大爆炸后极短时间内)的引力波。LIGO探测到的引力波引起的仪器位移极其微小,仅为质子直径的千分之一。科学的进步依赖于不同领域的交叉融合和创新思维,科学探索永无止境。 Harrison Greenbaum: (无核心论点,主要参与讨论和提问)

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Neil deGrasse Tyson and Harrison Greenbaum discuss gravitational waves with Nergis Mavalvala, exploring their nature, detection, and implications for understanding the universe. The conversation covers the basics of gravitational waves, their origins in massive objects like black holes, and the challenges in measuring them.
  • Gravitational waves are ripples in space-time caused by massive accelerating objects.
  • LIGO detects these waves by measuring minuscule changes in the length of its arms.
  • The speed of gravity is the speed of light, but it's the change in the gravitational field that travels at this speed.

Shownotes Transcript

How do we detect ripples in spacetime? Neil deGrasse Tyson and comedian Harrison Greenbaum explore black hole collisions, quantum tricks, and how gravitational waves can help us uncover the early universe with MIT physicist and LIGO researcher Nergis Mavalvala.

NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can listen to this entire episode commercial-free here: https://startalkmedia.com/show/when-black-holes-collide-with-nergis-mavalvala/

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