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我了解到地球上大部分水资源无法直接利用，海水淡化技术应运而生。最初，古人通过观察海水蒸发后的盐晶现象，萌生了淡化海水的想法。古希腊人已经开始研究蒸馏技术，而中世纪的伊斯兰学者和炼金术士则进一步完善了这些技术。随着欧洲探险时代的到来，对海上淡水的需求日益增加，早期的太阳能蒸馏器应运而生。1560年，西班牙军队在突尼斯建立了第一个陆基海水淡化厂。19世纪蒸汽机的发明，使得大规模海水淡化成为可能。两次世界大战期间，对紧凑型高效淡化系统的需求加速了技术发展，多级闪蒸技术应运而生，并在石油资源丰富的国家得到广泛应用。20世纪60年代，膜淡化技术开始出现，其中反渗透技术最具代表性。反渗透技术利用半透膜在高压下分离水和盐分，比传统的蒸馏方法更节能。自20世纪80年代以来，膜技术的快速发展极大地提高了反渗透的效率和可行性。如今，反渗透已成为全球主要的海水淡化方法，以色列等国家已经大量使用该技术。未来，海水淡化的发展方向包括提高能源效率、开发新型膜材料和利用新的能源。例如，石墨烯基膜具有更高的水通量和更低的能耗。此外，利用海底自然高压进行反渗透也是一个有前景的方向。总的来说，海水淡化技术在解决全球水资源短缺问题方面具有重要意义，随着技术的不断进步，其应用前景将更加广阔。

Deep Dive

Chapters
This chapter explores the early history of desalination, starting from the observations of our ancestors about evaporating seawater and the ancient Greeks' understanding of distillation. It covers the methods used by ancient sailors, medieval scholars, and early explorers, highlighting the evolution of techniques from simple boiling to the first land-based desalination plant.
  • Ancient Greeks understood distillation,
  • Ancient sailors boiled seawater,
  • Medieval scholars advanced distillation techniques,
  • First land-based plant in Tunisia in 1560

Shownotes Transcript

Seventy percent of the Earth’s surface is covered with water… and the vast majority of it is useless for consumption or agriculture. 

This problem has been known for thousands of years, and for thousands of years, humans have recognized that it is possible to turn seawater into drinking water; it was just difficult to do so.

In the last few decades, however, the ability to get clean drinking water from the sea has gotten easier and might get even easier still.

Learn more about desalination, how it works, and how it has evolved on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.

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