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The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud

2025/4/8
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Everything Everywhere Daily

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播音员
主持著名true crime播客《Crime Junkie》的播音员和创始人。
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播音员:太阳系比大多数人认为的要大得多,它不仅包括太阳、行星及其卫星,还包括柯伊伯带、奥尔特云以及其他更遥远的天体。 我们对太阳系形成的理解在近些年有了显著的提高,这要归功于像詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜这样的先进仪器。当前的星云假说认为,太阳系形成于约46亿年前,源于一个巨大的冷星际气体和尘埃云,这个云在自身引力的作用下坍缩,形成一个旋转的原行星盘。在原行星盘的中心,物质聚集形成了太阳,而行星、卫星、小行星和彗星则在原行星盘中形成。 温度在决定不同距离太阳处可以凝结的物质类型方面起着至关重要的作用。在靠近太阳的内侧区域,温度太高,挥发性化合物如水、甲烷和氨无法凝结,因此内侧行星主要由岩石和金属组成。在外侧区域,温度较低,冰可以与岩石一起凝结,形成更大的固体核心,最终吸引大量的氢和氦气,形成气态巨行星和冰巨行星。 海王星轨道以外的区域被称为海王星外天体,是本集讨论的重点。柯伊伯带位于海王星轨道之外,延伸至约55天文单位,厚度约10天文单位,主要由冰体和挥发物组成,冥王星是其中最著名的天体。柯伊伯带之外是散射盘,这是一个充满冰体的遥远动态区域,其天体轨道高度拉长且倾斜,阋神星和塞德娜是散射盘中最著名的天体。 散射盘的外部边界位于大约1000天文单位处,日球层顶位于约123天文单位处,是太阳风和星际风相互抵消的边界。然而,太阳系最遥远的区域是奥尔特云,它延伸范围约为2000至10万天文单位,是一个围绕整个太阳系的球体,而非像柯伊伯带那样的圆盘。奥尔特云被用来解释长周期彗星的起源,这些彗星的轨道高度偏心,需要数十万年甚至数百万年才能返回太阳系内部。 奥尔特云主要由冰质星子和岩石组成,这些物质可能最初形成于太阳系内侧,后来被散射到太阳系外侧。奥尔特云中的天体通常很稳定,但偶尔会受到外部引力扰动,从而进入太阳系内部成为长周期彗星。奥尔特云的外缘是太阳引力影响的极限,超过该点,附近恒星或银河系的引力影响更大。因此,太阳系的大小远超大多数人的认知,而我们对太阳系的认知模型通常是行星轨道的同心圆,这与奥尔特云的实际范围相比是微不足道的。

Deep Dive

Chapters
The solar system is much larger than what most people know. This episode will explore the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud, shedding light on the outer reaches of our solar system.
  • Most people's mental model of the solar system is limited to the Sun, planets, and moons.
  • The solar system is gravitationally bound to the Sun, including planets, asteroids, comets, and more.
  • Previous episodes covered the Sun, planets, the Moon, Pluto, and the asteroid belt.

Shownotes Transcript

The Solar System is a pretty big place. When most people think of our Solar System, they probably think of the Sun, the planets, and all their moons.

However, the solar system is much larger than most people realize. In fact, it is vastly larger than the model they have in their heads.

Only in the last few years, with the advent of larger telescopes and better techniques, have we been able to learn more about the outer edge of our Solar System.

Learn about the Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud, and the outer reaches of the solar system on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.

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