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cover of episode The Search for Life Outside the Solar System

The Search for Life Outside the Solar System

2025/4/18
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Everything Everywhere Daily

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播音员
主持著名true crime播客《Crime Junkie》的播音员和创始人。
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播音员:自1995年发现第一颗系外行星以来,天文学家已经确认了超过5000颗系外行星,并有数万颗候选行星等待确认。我们可以研究一些系外行星的大气层,寻找生命迹象。寻找太阳系内的生命是可行的,我们可以发射探测器和着陆器进行测试,甚至将样本送回地球。然而,寻找太阳系外的生命则是一个完全不同的问题,因为我们无法用现有技术向其他星系发射探测器。 早期系外行星的发现是通过探测恒星光线的摆动和轻微变暗来实现的,这种技术只能告诉我们系外行星的质量和轨道。但随着技术的进步,特别是詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜的出现,我们现在可以观测系外行星大气层中的光线,主要通过光谱技术来分析系外行星的大气成分。天文学家使用多种技术,例如凌日光谱、发射光谱或二次凌日光谱以及直接成像光谱等,来分析系外行星大气层的光线,从而推断出大气中存在哪些气体。这些方法都依赖于特定分子的吸收和发射特性,通过将观测到的光谱与大气化学模型进行比较,科学家可以推断出哪些分子存在,以及它们的相对丰度、温度梯度和压力分布。 寻找系外行星生命迹象,主要依靠分析大气成分,寻找生物特征,目前的研究都基于地球生命形式。氧气是重要的生物标志物,因为地球上的大部分氧气是由光合生物产生的,如果地球上的生命消失,大气中的氧气会在200万年内消失殆尽。然而,氧气并非万无一失的生物标志物,一些非生物过程也可能产生氧气。甲烷也是潜在的生物标志物,但它也可能由非生物过程产生;如果甲烷与氧气同时存在,则其作为生物标志物的意义会大大增加。 最近,在系外行星K2-18b的大气中发现了二甲基硫醚,这是一种在地球上仅由生物过程产生的物质,它的发现增加了该行星存在生命的可能性。虽然二甲基硫醚的发现并非生命存在的决定性证据,但它与K2-18b位于宜居带、大气中存在水和甲烷等因素一起,增加了该行星存在生命的可能性。未来,我们可能能够拜访距离地球数光年的星系,而这些星系的目的地选择,可能取决于我们本世纪初发现的数据。

Deep Dive

Chapters
The episode starts by discussing the discovery of the first exoplanet in 1995 and the advancements in technology that led to the confirmation of over 5,000 exoplanets and thousands of candidates. It then shifts focus to the methods used by astronomers to study exoplanet atmospheres and search for signs of life.
  • First exoplanet discovered in 1995
  • Over 5,000 exoplanets confirmed, 10,000 candidates
  • Challenges in searching for life outside the solar system due to vast distances

Shownotes Transcript

In 1995, the first planet outside our solar system was discovered. 

Since then, with improved techniques and tools, over 5,000 exoplanets have been confirmed, and another 10,000 candidates are awaiting confirmation.

With some of these exoplanets, astronomers can actually study their atmospheres and search for signs of life.

Learn more about the search for life outside the solar system, and what exactly astronomers are looking for and why, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.

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