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cover of episode Writing (and rewriting) Russian History

Writing (and rewriting) Russian History

2025/2/26
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On the Media

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Mikhail Zygar
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Mikhail Zygar: 我致力于撰写一部完全不同的俄罗斯历史,因为它一直以来都被官方历史学家所操纵,他们更像是宣传家而非历史学家。我的目标是呈现一个更完整、更真实的俄罗斯历史,包括其殖民历史和对周边民族的影响。这需要打破长期以来存在的七大历史神话,例如斯拉夫民族统一的神话,它是由三百年前的德国僧侣英诺森蒂·格塞尔编造的,并被彼得大帝及其后的统治者利用,以巩固其统治的合法性。 另一个神话是关于伊万·马泽帕的背叛。俄罗斯历史学家将其描绘成对沙皇的背叛,而乌克兰历史学家则认为他是为了自己的民族利益而选择与瑞典结盟。这个例子揭示了历史叙事如何被用来塑造民族认同和政治立场。 此外,我们必须重新审视俄罗斯文化的错误和罪行,不能将普希金等视为神圣不可侵犯的。我们需要承认并批判俄罗斯文化中的帝国主义倾向。这与英国对吉卜林作品的批判类似,我们也应该对自己的历史进行反思和批判。 关于乌克兰语言,许多俄罗斯人错误地认为它只是俄语的方言。然而,历史事实是,俄国当局长期以来一直在压制乌克兰语的使用,这本身就是一个历史悲剧。 普京声称乌克兰是列宁发明的,这完全是荒谬的。实际上,乌克兰独立国家的形成是在十月革命后,乌克兰当局为了摆脱苏维埃政权的控制而作出的选择。 俄罗斯历史一直与权力紧密相连,官方历史学家总是为统治者服务,以证明其统治的合法性。普京利用他自己的历史版本来为其侵略行径辩护,这正是俄罗斯历史的诅咒。 要解决这个问题,我们需要编写一部真正的俄罗斯人民史,承认帝国主义历史是俄罗斯的疾病,并对历史上的战争罪行进行反思和道歉。这需要借鉴美国处理历史问题的经验,增加不同的历史叙事,以更全面地理解历史。

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Days before Russia invaded Ukraine 3 years ago, Russian president Vladimir Putin read an essay he’d written in 2021, “On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians,” wherein he claimed that Ukraine is a fake country that was invented by Lenin. This version of Russian history, which is full of inaccuracies amplified on Russian state media, has been used by the Russian state to justify their imperialist wars. But the myths in Russia's state-sponsored version of history are not new. In fact, Mikhail Zygar), a Russian investigative journalist, has traced the myths back at least as far as the middle ages. In Zygar's book, War and Punishment: Putin, Zelensky, and the Path to Russia's Invasion of Ukraine, he unravels a thousand years of fables that led to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine last year. In this conversation with Brooke which we first aired in 2023, Zygar recounts and contextualizes the history-fueled ingredients of today's Russian propaganda, and talks about his mission to write new works of Russian history that account for the country's colonial past, and present. 

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