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cover of episode Jake Monaghan, "Just Policing" (Oxford UP, 2023)

Jake Monaghan, "Just Policing" (Oxford UP, 2023)

2025/5/8
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New Books in Critical Theory

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Jake Monaghan: 我对公正警务的思考始于研究生阶段,当时我研究医学伦理,同时关注“黑人的命也是命”运动引发的警务辩论。我认为警察在自愿承担保护和服务的职责后,一旦使用武力或杀害他人,其错误行为的性质会更加严重。这促使我思考警察的特殊义务以及在哪些情况下警察行使权力是不公正的,最终发展出关于警察自由裁量权的理论。我的研究属于非理想理论传统,运用社会科学工具,并结合经验事实,避免理想化假设带来的误导。例如,完全执法在非理想世界中并不理想,甚至不可取,因为现实中存在大量糟糕的、含糊的或过时的法律。我们需要一个非理想的公正警务理论,在某些情况下,需要深入研究经验数据和当代社会科学来思考这些问题。例如,判断警力是否过大,需要了解警力使用结果的经验数据。 我对警察废除论的回应是,城市化必然导致冲突,需要社会控制机构,而废除论者的替代方案也依赖于某种形式的警务。虽然我不认为现有的警务机构完美无缺,但废除警务机构并不能解决问题。我们需要关注警务活动本身,并思考如何规范警务人员行使权力。无政府资本主义者的观点也存在误区,他们认为只要警务是自愿的,就不再算作警务,这是错误的。 我认为警察应该避免机械地执行法律,因为完全执法是不可能的。警察不可避免地要行使自由裁量权,而“忠实执法”的概念过于空泛,无法指导警务实践。法律赋予警察权力工具,而非明确的行动指令。强制性逮捕政策等试图消除自由裁量权的尝试总是会失败,因为警察仍然需要解释和判断。每个执法决定都是一个关于资源分配的决定。警察的自由裁量权不可避免,关键在于如何公正地行使这种自由裁量权。 关于法律道德与警察执法道德的关系,我认为,虽然我们应该努力使法律更加公正,但永远不可能有完美的法律,这意味着警察将不可避免地卷入关于特定法律是否公正的政治争论,我们需要一个框架来思考警察如何在这些背景分歧下行使权力。在某些情况下,即使法律本身是公正的,但由于其他社会系统的问题,执法也可能导致不公正。例如,一些轻微的违法行为,由于司法系统的问题,执法可能是不公正的。 关于服从法律的道德义务,我认为,政治合法性和政治义务是不同的问题。我们应该关注的是国家行为者是否被允许行使权力,而不是公民是否有义务服从。在某些情况下,由于缺乏互惠性,人们服从法律的理由较弱,但其他道德义务,例如不伤害他人,仍然适用。 本书主要关注街头犯罪,因为我主要关注巡逻警务。虽然我没有深入探讨白领犯罪,但我认为书中观点也适用于此。白领犯罪的存在表明,一些关于犯罪根源的理论是站不住脚的。对警务资源分配的批评,并不能否定警务的必要性。 关于警务在不同司法管辖区的适用性,我认为,在专制政权下,论证自由裁量权的非强制性执行可能更容易,但在从专制政权向民主政权过渡的国家,警务机构往往会削弱,需要考虑警务的务实因素。我们可以借鉴其他司法管辖区的经验,例如,英国警察很少携带枪支,这表明美国警察对持刀者的开枪行为是不成比例的。 特朗普政府对移民的严厉执法措施说明了警务与惩罚之间的区别,以及自由裁量权的负面运用。这种措施违反了正当程序,具有惩罚性,而非警务的应有之义。移民执法机构的专业化也可能导致问题,我们需要考虑如何更好地协调不同警务机构的目标,避免一个机构的目标压倒其他机构。 Tom McInerney: (访谈者主要提出问题,引导讨论,未表达个人观点)

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Policing is a source of perennial conflict and philosophical disagreement. Current political developments in the United States have only increased the urgency of this topic. Today we welcome philosopher Jake Monaghan to discuss his book, Just Policing) (Oxford UP, 2023), which applies interdisciplinary insights to examine the morality of policing.

Though the injustices of our world seemingly require some kind of policing, the police are often sources of injustice themselves. But this is not always the result of intentionally or negligently bad policing. Sometimes it is an unavoidable result of the injustices that emerge from interactions with other social systems. This raises an important question of just policing: how should police respond to the injustices built into the system? Just Policing attempts an answer, offering a theory of just policing in non-ideal contexts.

Monaghan argues that police discretion is not only unavoidable, but in light of non-ideal circumstances, valuable. This claim conflicts with a widespread but inchoate view of just policing, the legalist view that finds justice in faithful enforcement of the criminal code.

But the criminal code leaves policing seriously underdetermined; full enforcement is neither possible nor desirable. Police need an alternative normative framework for evaluating and guiding their exercise of power.

Just Policing critiques popular approaches to police abolitionism while defending normative limits on police power. The book offers a defense of police discretion against common objections and evaluates controversial issues in order maintenance, such as the policing of "vice" and homelessness, democratic control over policing, community policing initiatives, police collaborations and alternatives like mental health response teams, and possibilities for structural reform.

Jake Monaghan) is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Southern California. He earned his Ph.D. in philosophy at the University of Buffalo. His research is primarily in moral and political philosophy.

He is interviewed by Tom McInerney, an international lawyer, scholar, and strategist, who has worked to advance rule of law and development internationally for 25 years. He has taught in the Rule of Law for Development Program at Loyola University Chicago School of Law since 2011. He writes the Rights, Regulation and Rule of Law) newsletter on Substack.

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