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cover of episode William Max Nelson, "Enlightenment Biopolitics: A History of Race, Eugenics, and the Making of Citizens" (U Chicago Press, 2024)

William Max Nelson, "Enlightenment Biopolitics: A History of Race, Eugenics, and the Making of Citizens" (U Chicago Press, 2024)

2025/3/28
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New Books in Critical Theory

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William Max Nelson: 我主要研究18世纪,我的两本学术著作都与18世纪启蒙运动和法国大革命时期思想的发展有关。我的研究兴趣结合了思想史、科学史和现象学,试图理解启蒙思想家如何发展他们的思想以及不同知识领域(如哲学、科学和政治理论)之间的联系。我对18世纪自然学家关于动物育种的思想很感兴趣,他们试图控制动物育种的结果,这让我开始思考他们如何将这些思想应用于人类,并最终研究启蒙生物政治。我的研究表明,启蒙生物政治并非边缘思想,而是启蒙思想的核心部分。它关注对生命过程的干预,包括对个体和群体的改造、控制和管理。与福柯的观点不同,我的研究更关注对个体生物特征的操纵,而不是单纯的数量统计。我将启蒙生物政治分为两大主题:育种(与优生学相关)和排斥(关注群体)。18世纪的思想家们对自然的理解是关系整体论的,他们认为整体是由相互关联的各个部分组成的,整体的特性并非仅仅是各个部分特性的简单总和。这种关系整体论的思想也影响了他们对有机体、群体和社区的理解。他们认为人体具有可塑性,可以通过干预繁殖过程来改善人类物种,这为优生学的产生奠定了基础。他们试图理解人体变异的生物学机制,并认为可以通过选择性繁殖来控制人类的特定特征。18世纪的优生学思想虽然被一些人提出并发表,但并未广泛传播,也没有引起明显的争议或反对。早期的生物政治思想不仅起源于自然学家对种族的研究,也应用于被认为是不同种族的群体,其中一些最令人震惊的思想并未公开发表。例如,Sieyès设想通过人类与猿类的杂交来创造一种新的奴隶群体,以改善法国的社会状况。这反映了启蒙生物政治中包含与排斥、平等与不平等之间的复杂关系。启蒙生物政治的排斥性理论主要针对游民、非洲裔人和妇女三个群体,这些理论利用生物学理由来论证这些群体的劣势,并以此为基础制定相应的政策,例如对非洲裔人的监视和限制,以及对妇女政治参与的限制。这些排斥性理论在某种程度上塑造了法国大革命时期公民的定义。启蒙生物政治对现代社会的影响体现在其对现代社会中包含与排斥、平等与不平等的持续影响,以及对公民身份的定义方式。 Morteza Hajizadeh: 通过与William Max Nelson教授的访谈,我对启蒙生物政治有了更深入的了解。我之前对优生学的理解局限于19世纪及以后,但Nelson教授的著作让我意识到,早在18世纪,人们就已经开始思考如何通过选择性繁殖来改善人类物种。Nelson教授对启蒙生物政治的定义与福柯的观点有所不同,他更关注对个体生物特征的操纵。他将启蒙生物政治分为育种和排斥两大主题,并分析了这两种主题在18世纪思想中的体现。他还探讨了关系整体论在18世纪自然观中的作用,以及这种思想如何影响对有机体、群体和社区的理解。此外,他还分析了启蒙生物政治对特定群体(如游民、非洲裔人和妇女)的排斥性理论,以及这些理论如何影响法国大革命时期公民身份的定义。最后,我们还讨论了启蒙生物政治对现代社会的影响,特别是生物决定论和优生学思想的残留。

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In Enlightenment Biopolitics) (U Chicago Press, 2024), historian William Max Nelson pursues the ambitious task of tracing the context in which biopolitical thought emerged and circulated. He locates that context in the Enlightenment when emancipatory ideals sat alongside the horrors of colonialism, slavery, and race-based discrimination. In fact, these did not just coexist, Nelson argues; they were actually mutually constitutive of Enlightenment ideals.

In this book, Nelson focuses on Enlightenment-era visions of eugenics (including proposals to establish programs of selective breeding), forms of penal slavery, and spurious biological arguments about the supposed inferiority of particular groups. The Enlightenment, he shows, was rife with efforts to shape, harness, and “organize” the minds and especially the bodies of subjects and citizens. In his reading of the birth of biopolitics and its transformations, Nelson examines the shocking conceptual and practical connections between inclusion and exclusion, equality and inequality, rights and race, and the supposed “improvement of the human species” and practices of dehumanization.

William Max Nelson is associate professor of history at the University of Toronto. He is the author of *The Time of Enlightenment: Constructing the Future in France, 1750 to Year One *and a coeditor of The French Revolution in Global Perspective.

Morteza Hajizadeh) is a Ph.D. graduate in English from the University of Auckland in New Zealand. His research interests are Cultural Studies; Critical Theory; Environmental History; Medieval (Intellectual) History; Gothic Studies; 18th and 19th Century British Literature. YouTube channel). Twitter).

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