🚍 Migration and urbanization (Part 3) + Transcript
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Hello, hello, lovely, and welcome into IELTS Speaking Part 3. We're going to talk about places in general. Rory here has traveled to lots of places all over the world. He's the authority, Band 9 authority, right, Rory? Super traveler. That's true.

I hope that even when I have to do this exam, I will be asked about this because I'm an expert in travel and migration.

Oh, so there are two groups of factors, generally speaking, push and pull. The push factors are those which make people leave the area they are, like a lack of jobs and opportunities. And I think it's safe to say that there are more of these in the cities just by virtue of sheer size.

However, there are pull factors too that draw people in. This could be things like the amount of access to novel experiences in cities. By comparison, country life can be a bit slow and monotonous and many people might crave a change of pace and scene just because it's interesting.

What factors make a city livable? Well, that's probably a matter of lots of differing opinions, but generally things like a stable food supply, so people don't starve to death, and reasonable security, that means people don't need to worry about being mugged or assaulted randomly. If you don't have those things and others like them, cities can turn into something like the state of nature, and no one wants to live like that, do they?

What are the benefits of living close to one's workplace? Well, if you're not one for moving around a lot or you like to save time, then I suppose being a stone's throw away might be a handy thing. Getting home from work in a short time so you can spend time doing the things that you like in the comfort of your own home could also be another one. What kinds of places do people in your country prefer to live in?

I suppose the main choices are between houses in varying forms, like semi-detached houses or bungalows or apartments in larger cities where space is at a premium and you just have to live on top of other people. I don't think the environment or the climate is conducive to more primitive forms of accommodation like mud huts or something like that. They would probably collapse in days. What should people prepare before they move to a different city?

Well, it's probably a good idea to at least prepare mentally so you could investigate the cost of living and find out what the local area has to offer. That way you won't wind up destitute or bored, or at least you'll find ways of avoiding them. Why do many people move from one place to another?

All kinds of reasons. We sort of touched on this when we talked about push and pull factors. Some things will encourage them to leave, like a need for lower prices and opportunities for independence. And others will draw them in, such as having more people to socialize with. Eczema isn't always obvious, but it's real. And so is the relief from Ebbgliss.

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And here Rory gives a very structured answer. First of all, he says there are two groups of factors. And then he goes like push and pull. And then he explains what he means by push and pull. The push factors. They push you away from where you live. Yeah. It's like no jobs and just people leave because they are pushed to go somewhere else because...

they don't have a job in this city or they don't have any opportunities to grow. And there are pull factors. Some cities just like attract other people and the people are pulled

to go there. So, they just want to go there by themselves. So, certain places draw people in. For example, New York is a lovely place. So, people are drawn to this place. So, they just go there because they want to move there, they want to live there. Country life in comparison to city life could be slow and monotonous. Monotonous like the same

Nothing interesting. And people may crave a change of pace. Pace is like speed of life. People crave, they want. They have a very strong feeling or wanting of something. Crave is a C2 verb. Benign proficiency. Yay! For example, people crave attention. Children crave attention. Everybody craves attention.

And Vanya, please mute yourself. Or is it really typing? Oh, okay. It's you, it's okay. You can type. Vanya can't type. Vanya is banned from typing. So you can say that people move because they crave a change of pace. And scene. So a change of the scenery, a change of views that they see in the city or...

in the countryside. Oh, it's important to point out a change of scene is also connected to just changing the context of your life as well. Right? Yeah, yeah, yeah. So people just need a change of scene. They just need to change where they live. Okay, to move from a house to a flat or from a flat to a house or to move to a different country.

So if a city is livable, you can live there. I was thinking about that there. I was like, what does make a city livable?

Just like... No, but like, come on, like, facilities, like, good facilities. The things that will not kill you. Yeah, like, there should be food in the city. A reduced chance of dying will encourage people to move to a place. There is food in this city. Go, you can live there. No, but actually, the basic stuff, like, houses, work, food, and facilities, right? Also, now...

A city should have lots of entertainment opportunities, so theatres, restaurants, cafes, cinemas, swimming pools, sports centres, all this stuff. Parks, greenery, right?

And, like, reasonable security as well. Like, a very good idea, Rory. So, a city should have a reasonable security system so people don't worry about being mugged. Mugged is when... Well, that's when someone assaults you and steals your money. Yeah...

This is a special word to mean a crime. So, to mug is to attack a person in a public place and steal their money. So, it's important that a person is attacked in public, all right? For example, he is mugged in broad daylight. Or people should not worry of being assaulted. So, if a person is assaulted...

They are attacked. Like, it's a violent attack. Assault is the C2 level. Bad 9 proficiency. Is it? Yeah. Oh, wow. Okay. An assault on a police officer. So, a violent attack. I remember teaching this at, like, upper intermediate level. Yeah. So, it's proficiency. And we usually say, like, assault on something. Somebody. Yeah.

What do you mean by the state of nature? What is it? Is this a name? Oh.

The state of nature is something from philosophy. So for context, I am reading a lot right now about sort of the influences of indigenous peoples on European thought. And so one of these things was talking about the state of nature where there is no overarching control, there is no state to enforce any rules. And the idea is because this doesn't exist,

then there will be just this sort of war against all where everyone is fighting each other and life is generally miserable. Nasty, brutish and short is the idea. Of course, there are alternative views of the state of nature, but I'm implying this when I'm talking here. And for that, I thank my good friend Lena Kalkova who gave me a book on this topic, which I like to read. Honestly, people, if you want to improve your vocabulary, just read a lot about different topics.

Read books. Watch YouTube. Stop scrolling. Drink. Water. See, life is very simple. Oh, listen to our podcast. So, people sometimes live close to their workplace.

So, my workplace - a place where I work. If you work at home, it's beautiful, so you live at work. Or some people move around. So, people have to move around a lot. They commute to work, they travel to work, they have to get to work by metro, by bus. And my house can be at a stone's throw away

from my office. So, it's an idiom. A stone's throw. But Rory, how do we use it in a sentence? Because there are like different phrases. Well, you could say it's a stone's throw or it's a stone's throw away from something. For example, my house is probably something like a stone's throw away from the shops because they're just up the road.

And it's an idiom.

which means a very short distance. So, you can just take a stone, throw it, and there you go, you see? And usually we say: "My flat is just a stone's throw from the sea". So, very close to the sea. Or, like: "Is your house away from your work?" No, it's only a stone's throw away.

C2, okay? Is that it? Frequency, but not, yeah, a stone's throw, yeah. So, you see, you can say that being a stone's throw away from your workplace might be handy, handy, useful.

"In the comfort of your own home" is another great phrase. So pretty much like doing something at home and be comfortable there. I think that's it. It's just a fancy way of saying that it makes life easier for everybody. Ruya, tell me, why didn't you use an article? You said like "good question", but you didn't say "a good question". So why not? I suppose it's an example of ellipsis. We don't really need this expression if we understand what is being spoken about.

and people live in different houses. Or you can say that the choices are between houses in varying forms, so in different forms. And then, for example, like semi-detached houses, bungalows, flats, apartments, houses...

townhouses. See, so these are different kinds of houses. I couldn't think of any more. Well, pretty much it, yeah. Like cottages, flats, expensive flats, modern flats, new flats. Some people prefer to live on top of other people. What do you mean on top of other people? Like on the highest floors? Just...

They live literally on top of each other. So, for example, I live on the third floor of my apartment building, so I live on top of the people that are below me. And some people live on a boat or people used to live in some mud huts. Or still, there are people who live in

Houses made out of mud. Mud is this, you know, this ground which are wet. Mud. So people make their houses from mud and they live there.

And Roy says that the environment may not be conducive to an accommodation made from mud. So our environment or climate may not be suitable to live outside, for example. I feel like most environments are like that, to be honest. And like in your country, do all people live in flats and houses or some people...

are poor and they live outside? Well, there are communities of travelers, for example, and they will live in caravans. But that's a negligible proportion of the population. I think it would be less than half a percent, to be honest with you. It's not many people. But of course, the caravans that they live in are designed in a similar manner to homes here. As far as I'm aware,

So I don't think it's that much of a departure from what's normal, to be honest with you. They just move around. People move to a different city or a different country and they should be prepared to move. Right. And we say like people move house. So they move from one flat to another flat or just people move. And this means that they change their house or a country they live in.

And first of all, people should investigate the cost of living. They find out more about the local area. And this is how they will not wind up destitute. So destitute is a super word which means poor. Like without any house. Like without money, food or home. Destitute. So you kind of do your research.

and you won't end up destitute or wind up destitute. So, you won't find yourself without money, food or house. When the examiner asks you a question "Why?" you can say all kinds of reasons and then you name the reasons, maybe like two or three reasons. And if you have already said something like this, you can say

For example, in the first answer Rory told us about the push and pull factors. A super educated answer. And in this answer Rory refers to

The examiner back to this idea. He says: "We sort of touched on this when we talked about push and pull factors." And he also engages the examiner. He doesn't say "I touched upon", so "I talked about" this one.

I mentioned this topic, but we, like, we together with the examiner, you know, like friends, yay, give me a bad night. It's a conversation, it's supposed to involve the other person. Yeah, like, you are manipulating the examiner, Rory. You kind of say, oh, like, we're together, you know, like, come on.

Yeah, it's a very good idea, Delys. I see, to engage the examiner. We're together and together you will get me my Bandstein score. Exactly, exactly. See? Psychological pressure. So, it's a very good idea to say we sort of touched on this when we talked about push and pull factors. And Rory adds some more ideas about the reasons why people move.

So some things encourage people to leave. Like high prices, they want lower prices. They want more people to socialize with. Socialize, like to talk, to communicate. Yeah, or they just need a change of scene.

Right, dear listener, thank you so much for listening. Your head is now full of Ben 9 C2 vocabulary and grammar, okay? Make sure you read the script, you choose the super grammar for you, and you choose nice phrases, words, collocations, idioms, phrasal verbs for your IELTS speaking, okay? And we'll see you next time. Bye!

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Prep for your next trip with the ANF Vacation Shop. Get their newest arrivals in-store, online, and in the app. Why do many people choose to move to big cities? Oh, so there are two groups of factors, generally speaking, push and pull. The push factors are those which make people leave the area they are, like a lack of jobs and opportunities. And I think it's safe to say that there are more of these in the cities just by virtue of sheer size.

However, there are pull factors too that draw people in. This could be things like the amount of access to novel experiences in cities. By comparison, country life can be a bit slow and monotonous and many people might crave a change of pace and scene just because it's interesting.

What factors make a city livable? Well, that's probably a matter of lots of differing opinions, but generally things like a stable food supply, so people don't starve to death, and reasonable security, that means people don't need to worry about being mugged or assaulted randomly. If you don't have those things and others like them, cities can turn into something like the state of nature, and no one wants to live like that, do they?

What are the benefits of living close to one's workplace? Well, if you're not one for moving around a lot or you like to save time, then I suppose being a stone's throw away might be a handy thing. Getting home from work in a short time so you can spend time doing the things that you like in the comfort of your own home could also be another one. What kinds of places do people in your country prefer to live in?

I suppose the main choices are between houses in varying forms, like semi-detached houses or bungalows or apartments in larger cities where space is at a premium and you just have to live on top of other people. I don't think the environment or the climate is conducive to more primitive forms of accommodation like mud huts or something like that. They would probably collapse in days. What should people prepare before they move to a different city?

Well, it's probably a good idea to at least prepare mentally so you could investigate the cost of living and find out what the local area has to offer. That way you won't wind up destitute or bored, or at least you'll find ways of avoiding them. Why do many people move from one place to another?

All kinds of reasons. We sort of touched on this when we talked about push and pull factors. Some things will encourage them to leave, like a need for lower prices and opportunities for independence. And others will draw them in, such as having more people to socialize with.