Celibacy was crucial for Elizabeth I as it allowed her to maintain her power without the risk of being usurped by a consort. By declaring herself married to her kingdom, she created a cult of the Virgin Queen, which made her more secure on the throne.
Property was a key factor in the Christian church's embrace of celibacy. As the church accumulated wealth and land, celibacy was enforced to prevent priests' descendants from claiming church property, ensuring that the institution retained control over its assets.
Celibacy can be defined differently depending on whether it's voluntary or enforced, temporary or lifelong, and whether it's an individual choice or part of an institutional role. In some cultures, it may involve refraining from all erotic activity, while in others, it may only exclude acts leading to reproduction.
No Nut November is an internet meme where men abstain from ejaculating during November, drawing on cultural tropes about semen retention. In some cultures, the idea is that retaining semen enhances virility and energy, which is echoed in this modern movement.
In some cultures, celibacy is seen as a way to enhance one's power and status. For example, in South Asian cultures, men who retain their semen are believed to gain more virility and energy, which can make them more charismatic and powerful in their roles.
In the early Christian church, celibacy was not the norm because early Christians believed the world was about to end, and there was little concern for future generations. It wasn't until later, as the church became wealthier and property became a concern, that celibacy was enforced.
In modern society, celibacy can be used as a form of protest, such as in South Korea's 4B movement, where women are refusing to marry, date, have sex, or reproduce with men to protest against the patriarchy. This mirrors historical examples like Lysistrata, where sexual abstinence was used to achieve political goals.
The Vestal Virgins were exceptional in Roman society, which valorized reproduction. Their celibacy allowed them to be closer to the divine and the gods, giving them a unique role in maintaining the spiritual life of the community. They were not required to remain celibate for their entire lives.
Celibacy can impact gender roles, as seen in the case of sworn virgins in Albania and Montenegro, who take on masculine attributes to inherit property and status in a society where women are otherwise excluded. Conversely, in some Buddhist traditions, women do not achieve the same status as male monks despite their celibacy.
Celibacy is often a byproduct of incarceration, rather than an intended punishment. However, in some cultures, it can be imposed as a punishment, such as in the case of sworn virgins who lose their status and may face severe consequences if they break their vow of celibacy.
What did Queen Elizabeth I gain from being thought of as celibate? Why was property so essential to the Christian church embracing celibacy? And what's really behind the 'No Nut November' movement?
In today's episode, Kate's joined by Elisa Sobo), Professor of Anthropology at San Diego State University, and Sandra Bell of Durham University, to take a look at those of us today and throughout history who have chosen to abstain from sex.
Together, they edited Celibacy, Culture, And Society: Anthropology Of Sexual Abstinence), and you can read more on the subject of celibacy in Sandra's book Dynamics of Biocultural Diversity).
This episode was edited by Tom Delargy. The producer was Stuart Beckwith. The senior producer was Charlotte Long.
All music from Epidemic Sounds/All3 Media.
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Betwixt the Sheets: History of Sex, Scandal & Society is a History Hit podcast.