Fast forward to the 20th century, the term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy, a visionary who often gets overshadowed by more commercial names in tech history. But it was Alan Turing, a name synonymous with the breaking of the Enigma code during World War II, who laid the philosophical groundwork with his seminal paper, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in 1950. Here, he proposed the Turing Test - a benchmark for machine intelligence.
