This Week in YouTube March 2
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Hey friends, welcome to the Renaissance English History Podcast. This is the weekly highlight reel of videos that I have put out on YouTube. So in case you don't know, you can go over to YouTube and watch all my videos. The channel is History and Coffee, and you can just search for my name as well, Heather Tesco, History and Coffee, and you will get it. And you can subscribe there. Thank you to the many people who already subscribe. And then what I've started doing is

weekly highlight reels of some of the videos that have gone out on YouTube that would be of interest to the podcast listeners as well. So thanks for listening. And you can also, like I said, go over and join me on YouTube history and coffee and search for Heather. And there I am. So let's get right into it.

So today's woman is someone who, if you have been looking at Tudor portraits, portraits of the court for any kind of length of time, I promise you, you will have very likely seen something that she did. She was an artist. She was the court painter, and she's very famous for her miniatures. She is Lavinia Tierlink, and she painted under four monarchs.

Um, and she is such an interesting woman and she was a Flemish painter and she moved with her husband to England and rose through the ranks. Well, she was actually initially scouted by Henry the eighth and she painted Kings nobility. And like I said, she served under four out of five Tudor monarchs.

Her father was a Flemish painter. He specialized in manuscripts and she also had four sisters. So she was the oldest of five girls and she was born around 1510. Since her father didn't have a son to train how to paint, he actually trained her how to paint and she became an expert in miniatures. Now miniatures were these small portraits. They were designed to be worn in a locket as jewelry.

And, you know, they were easy to carry. You could move them when you moved from household to household. They were an intimate way to have somebody be close to you. Just like now, you know, we have pictures on our phone and we pull it out and say, oh, look at that. And we like to have those pictures in.

even though they're backed up somewhere, we still have them. I still have like, I don't know, 6,000 or something on my phone. So, you know, we like to have those things with us. It was the same miniatures were kind of a similar thing. Also, they were easy to move around. So ambassadors would carry miniatures of potential brides to each country that they were negotiating marriages for. So that's an example of how they would have been used in an official capacity and

Creating a miniature took a lot of skill and patience. The paintings have such detail that she did that it's only when they're really greatly magnified that you can start to see the very tiny brush strokes and you know they have shadings they look so natural if you just see them like pictures of them online you wouldn't know they were miniatures they look like normal portraits but they're

but they're tiny, tiny and they use techniques like stippling and like drawing parallel lines to do shadings. So there were a couple of different techniques that they would have used for that. And it took an incredible amount of skill and just a very steady hand to be able to do that.

I don't think I could have done it. I like splash mascara all over myself, just doing that. So I couldn't have done these tiny things. So it took a lot of skill. Now her father, like I said, was an illuminator and he made manuscripts and he probably also trained her in the art of making manuscripts. But of course it took a similar skillset. The,

The miniature came out of the illuminated manuscripts. When you look at those first letters that are all painted so gloriously with the flowers that are intertwined, it's a similar kind of thing. So she took that skill and she became a portraitist.

One of her most famous miniatures is Catherine Grey. She was the sister to Lady Jane Grey. It depicts not just Catherine and her son. Her son was sitting on her lap, but also Catherine was wearing a miniature portrait of her husband. Her husband was in the tower at the time. They had had an illicit marriage and they were

They both spent time in the tower. This is an important painting on several levels. First, it was the first secular painting of a mother and son in England. It was also the first one to depict a miniature being worn. So it was a miniature within a miniature. And that really showed her skill level because you can make out it's her husband. You can see that in the miniature. And I have a picture of it in the notes below so you can check it out.

And one of the things about her also is it's difficult to attribute a lot of her works because she didn't sign them. But she was the only Flemish miniature painting at the English court from the time she arrived until her death 30 years later. She was the only miniaturist recorded between the death of Hans Holbein and the rise of Nicholas Hilliard. He would become the most famous miniaturist in the Elizabethan court in the 1570s and beyond.

Lavina was so skilled that, like I said, in 1545 she was scouted by Henry VIII. After Hans Holbein died, he asked her, Henry asked Lavina to come to his court. She came to England, her husband came along with her, and she was actually paid a higher starting salary than Hans Holbein was paid, by 40 pounds. So you can just imagine her skill level to get 40 pounds a year more than what Hans Holbein was getting.

And she was really important in the spread of the of the miniaturist art form. She was likely the author of a work called A Very Proper Treatise, wherein is briefly set for the art in limening, which is another word for miniatures. And that was like a how to book.

That was like a how-to book. And it's also the belief of several art historians that she taught Nicholas Hilliard, who would become the most famous miniaturist of the century.

There are documented works of hers that are paintings that are presented as New Year's gifts to the kings, to the king and Edward and Mary and Elizabeth. There's also an image of the Trinity that she made that was presented to Mary in 1553. She also made numerous portraits of Elizabeth, both individual, herself by herself, and within the court. And one really famous one is an Elizabethan Maundy portrait

predict or depicts probably close to a hundred people in this tiny little miniature and she also probably designed the Great Seal of England for Mary and the earliest one used by Elizabeth in the 1540s. As I said, it's difficult to attribute her work. Some scholars believe that a lot of her portraits were lost in the fire at Whitehall that happened in 1698 and

And then in 1983, the Victorian Albert Museum actually had an exhibit that was the first occasion where miniatures had been put all together that could all be attributed to her.

Like I said, she worked for every Tudor monarch until she died in 1576. She did have a child. She had a son, so she was a mother as well as a career woman. And her career in England spanned 30 years under four monarchs, and she was paid better than the men that she worked with often.

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So here's what we're talking about. We are talking about Tudor money. So this is actually a blog post I did. You can see 2019 and it's still one of the most popular blog posts on my blog. So I thought that I would do a little video about it as well. It was sparked by an episode I did on Tudor credit.

And I find the rise of credit in the 16th century. So I'm like a total economics geek and nerd. Like I nerd out on stuff like that. And I find the rise of credit in the 16th century to be fascinating because philosophically at its core, credit is the belief that tomorrow is going to be better than today, right? You lend me money for a car that I can't afford right now. I will pay you back tomorrow with interest.

And that is a very humanistic belief. That's a very secular belief. You know, if you think about the period before then deeply rooted in the church and the belief that this life was just practice for heaven, for death, we were here just to practice for death. And humanism says, no, you know, this life can actually be amazing too. And this life is worth living and this life is worth enjoying fully and not just as a preparation for death and for what comes after. And

And out of that kind of humanistic thought came this idea that tomorrow will be better than today. And how that spilled over financially, of course, is in the rise of credit, which really took off during this period for consumers. Kings had always borrowed money. The nobility had always borrowed money. But for regular people to be able to buy consumer goods is a very, very new thing. So I did this episode where I geeked out on credit.

And then out of that, I was also thinking about money. So there's this currency converter at the National Archives I'm going to enter. It's important with currency conversion to remember that it's not like an apples to apples comparison. It's more about like, what can that money buy you as opposed to just saying like, you know, 100 pounds in 1510 is worth, you know, 66,000 pounds today. Okay, but what does that like actually mean? And it's more about things like,

for example, was much more expensive for people in the 16th century than it is for us today. We have a plethora of cheap food, of inexpensive foods. All year round, you can get strawberries. All year round, you can get tropical fruits. And it's very inexpensive compared to what our Tudor friends would have experienced. Even the wealthiest, it was dependent on the weather. It was dependent on the harvest. And food was much, much more of a

a sizable chunk of a person's budget than today. But then today we have things like cell phones we buy and computers we buy and cars, which they did not have. So it's not quite an apples to apples comparison.

So the idea is more just like, could you afford to live well for what you had at that time? And so 100 pounds in 1510, which is the year after Henry VIII came to the throne, would be worth about 66,000 pounds in today's money. And with that, you could buy 3,333 days of skilled labor.

or 263 cows or 70 horses. Interesting, right? So they have this currency converter at the National Archives and it calculates purchasing power. So you select a year, like I'm going to say 1550 and I'm just going to say what was 10 pounds worth and I'm going to show the purchasing power. So in 2017, which was when this was last updated, 100 pounds,

Wait, no, 10 pounds, I said. It was worth 2,746 pounds and 99 pence. And you could buy the following two horses, eight cows, 31 stones of wool, 10 quarters of wheat, or 333 days of a skilled tradesman's labor.

really interesting huh so if you want to poke around and geek out on currency and purchasing power national archives this is a brilliant site for you to do that highly recommend it

Tudor money was all coins. There was no paper money. That wasn't in part of the economy until the 18th century. So everything was coins. All coins had either gold or silver in them, but the amount differed, making the coins more or less valuable depending on how much other metal was mixed with the coins. So if you had a coin that was, you know, 100% gold, that was worth way more, obviously, than a coin that was only 50% gold.

And England, of course, still uses pounds and pence. But shilling ended in 1971. During the Tudor period, a pound had 240 pennies. A half penny was half a penny. You literally cut the penny in half. And a farthing was a quarter of a penny.

And if you ever see the name D when you're doing research in account lists, you see things like, you know, something was 15D. And I remember when I first started getting into this stuff thinking, what was a D worth? It actually stands for the Roman name Denarius, which was the silver coin in Rome, and it represented a penny. So something that was 13D was 13 pennies.

And shillings were expressed with an S, came from another Roman coin, the cistercius. And there were 20 shillings to each pound. Of course, 240 pennies to a pound, so 12 pennies in a shilling. An unskilled laborer would earn somewhere between 5 and 10 pounds a year. Skilled workmen could earn 6 pennies a day.

A pound of cheese cost one and a half pennies. So think about that because this is what I talk about with stuff being relatively more or less expensive. Like, I think that's the thing about conversions that we need to keep in mind is that stuff was, you know, relatively more or less expensive. Anyway, here's a list of the Tudor coins used. A pound, an angel was 10 shillings. A crown was five shillings.

A half crown was two shillings and six pence. A shilling was 12 pennies. A groat was four pennies. A half groat was two pennies. And a three farthing was three quarters of a penny. And a farthing was one quarter of a penny.

People used to cheat the system by clipping tiny amounts off the edges of coins to try and get more metal and they would melt it down and make fresh coins. And if you look at today's coins, they have that texture around the edge, the kind of like lines that so that we also cannot clip our coins and make them smaller and melt them down and make new coins.

So it seems like very complicated. I'm in the US, I use dollars, right? When I lived in Spain, I used euros. And in England, it's pounds and pens. This idea of like 10 different kinds of coins. Well, I don't know. I guess it's like,

nickels, right? And dimes. So it's like a dollar and then you have a quarter and a dime and a nickel and a penny. So I guess it's pretty similar. I guess it's pretty similar now that I think about it, but it does seem a little bit more complicated to me. I don't know. What do you think? Leave me a comment and let me know if you think you could have managed with the Tudor money and just what you think about currency conversion in general and the idea that it would cost the equivalent of like

$80 for a dozen eggs. But I mean, that's the thing. That's where it's not exactly. It's just more like the percentage of the person's wage that it would be. Anyway, I geek out like I could geek out on this stuff forever. If you want to geek out on economics and currency conversions and the philosophy of credit with me, I'm totally down. Just leave me a comment and let me know and we will geek out on that. Thanks so much for listening to this week's YouTube Highlights. I

Remember, you can go over and subscribe. History and Coffee, Heather Tesco, you will find me there. And we'll be back again next week with more highlights from what went out on YouTube throughout the week. Thanks so much. Have a great week.

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