cover of episode #444 – Vejas Liulevicius: Communism, Marxism, Nazism, Stalin, Mao, and Hitler

#444 – Vejas Liulevicius: Communism, Marxism, Nazism, Stalin, Mao, and Hitler

2024/9/20
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Lex Fridman
一位通过播客和研究工作在科技和科学领域广受认可的美国播客主持人和研究科学家。
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Vejas Liulevicius
Topics
Vejas Liulevicius 详细阐述了马克思主义的核心思想，包括历史目的论、阶级斗争和革命在历史发展中的作用。他分析了马克思主义思想中的矛盾之处，例如乌托邦式的成分与科学性的宣称之间的矛盾，以及国际主义理想与民族主义现实之间的矛盾。他还探讨了马克思主义在不同国家的实践，以及这些实践如何偏离了马克思最初的设想。他特别关注了列宁和斯大林对马克思主义的诠释和实践，以及由此产生的极权主义统治和社会灾难。他分析了斯大林的统治方式，包括其对秘密警察的运用、对政治对手的残酷镇压以及对农业集体化的灾难性后果。他还比较了共产主义和法西斯主义的异同，以及它们在二战中的合作与对抗。最后，他还讨论了共产主义在中国的实践，特别是毛泽东的统治以及其导致的大跃进和文化大革命等灾难性事件。 Lex Fridman 主要通过提问引导 Vejas Liulevicius 阐述其观点，并对一些关键概念和历史事件进行深入探讨，例如马克思的历史观、阶级斗争、革命的作用、共产主义在苏联和中国的实践、斯大林的统治、共产主义与法西斯主义的比较、以及冷战等。他还对一些历史学家的观点，例如达里尔·库珀对丘吉尔和二战的解读，提出了质疑。

Deep Dive

Chapters
Marx's ideas were contradictory, emphasizing both the purpose of history and the role of special individuals in pushing history forward.
  • Marx believed history has a purpose and moves in a predetermined direction.
  • The Communist Manifesto suggested a role for special individuals to give an extra push to history.
  • These ideas made Marx's version of communism more powerful than earlier utopian socialism.

Shownotes Transcript

Vejas Liulevicius is a historian specializing in Germany and Eastern Europe, who has lectured extensively on Marxism and the rise, the reign, and the fall of Communism. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep444-sc) See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/vejas-liulevicius-transcript)

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EPISODE LINKS: Vejas’s Courses: https://www.thegreatcoursesplus.com/vejas-gabriel-liulevicius) Vejas’s Books: https://amzn.to/4e3R1rz) Vejas’s Audible: https://adbl.co/4esRrHt)

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OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (08:48) – Marxism (36:33) – Anarchism (51:30) – The Communist Manifesto (1:00:29) – Communism in the Soviet Union (1:20:23) – Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin (1:30:11) – Stalin (1:37:26) – Holodomor (1:51:16) – The Great Terror (2:04:17) – Totalitarianism (2:15:19) – Response to Darryl Cooper (2:30:27) – Nazis vs Communists in Germany (2:36:50) – Mao (2:41:57) – Great Leap Forward (2:48:58) – China after Mao (2:54:30) – North Korea (2:58:34) – Communism in US (3:06:04) – Russia after Soviet Union (3:17:35) – Advice for Lex (3:25:17) – Book recommendations (3:28:16) – Advice for young people (3:35:08) – Hope

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