Hear Christmas Carols And Talk To Santa On Ham Radio
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This message comes from Capital One. Say hello to stress-free subscription management. Easily track, block, or cancel recurring charges right from the Capital One mobile app. Simple as that. Learn more at CapitalOne.com slash subscriptions. Terms and conditions apply. Hey, Short Wavers, it's your favorite holiday elf, Emily Kwong, bringing you this classic episode featuring our founding host, Maddie Safaya. You're listening to Short Wave from NPR.

Hello, hello. Anybody there? So, Maddie. Yes, ma'am. Last week, Britt and I connected to a radio station. This is VIA Radio in Pittston, Pennsylvania. To have a conversation with space physicist and electrical engineer Nathaniel Frizzell. Well, thank you very much. It's a pleasure to be here.

And in 2014, his research took him to Antarctica. Cool. Yeah, home to the South Pole and a hub of scientific activity with research stations and field camps spread across the continent. New Zealand has a station down there. Several European countries do, too. Scientists are asking questions you can only answer in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean this time of year about...

Like penguins. Yeah, sure. Like penguins. Microbiology, tectonics, the northern lights. Nathaniel was down there to look at the Earth's magnetic field and polar regions. I picture this whole space, Maddie, like science summer camp, but spread across a desolate icebound landscape. What a dream. Yeah, your kind of summer camp. Yeah. And these people, they're far from home, which can be really tolerable.

Thanks for watching.

The Antarctic Christmas Carol. Basically, the different stations in Antarctica sing to each other over shortwave radio. Oh my god! This is legitimately the cutest thing perhaps I have ever heard. They're singing over the radio? Mm-hmm.

That transmission was from the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. Amundsen, shout out. Yeah. Here's a Christmas carol from the Italian station, Mario Zichelli, singing an Italian Christmas carol. I really like this.

I firmly believe that this is cute. Nathaniel would have to agree with you. And it's a beautiful thing. And, you know, the different stations and people, they have to watch out for each other because it's a difficult environment down there. And Nathaniel, listening at McMurdo Station in a blue penguin hoodie, I'll add, wondered if this caroling could be heard beyond Antarctica by shortwave listeners in other parts of the world.

He wanted to know how far can these transmissions really travel? So how far away were people able to listen? Well, before the caroling began, Nathaniel put out an alert to shortwave radio listeners saying, hey, if you can hear this, email us and let us know. And people did. They were able to tune in. He got emails from the Netherlands, South America, places far away from Antarctica. Some people were able to catch snippets of this singing at the bottom of the world.

So today on the show, the Shortwave podcast looks at shortwave radio, how it works, how it travels, and how Nathaniel Frizzell is leveraging a community of shortwave radio listeners for science.

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Emily Kwong, our shortwave expert is Nathaniel Frizzell. Yes, he's an assistant professor of physics and engineering at the University of Scranton in Pennsylvania. Okay, so obviously I know of shortwave, the charming science podcast, but tell me about shortwave as in shortwave radio.

So since the 1900s, we've been using radio waves to communicate. The waves are all different sizes. The lower the wave's frequency, the longer the wavelength. One of the unique characteristics of shortwave radio is that it can travel, the radio waves can travel long distances, very long distances around the world. Because?

Because they're 3 to 30 megahertz in frequency, they travel through space to this electrically charged part of our atmosphere called the ionosphere and are reflected or refracted back down to Earth. If we did not have the ionosphere, these shortwave signals would travel off into space and not be able to travel around the globe. But luckily for us...

They can travel around the globe. They propagate far distances, and those with receivers on Earth are able to listen. Nathaniel loves shortwave because you don't need a lot of equipment to send and capture one of these transmissions. Oh, it can be incredibly simple. You need a transmitter on one side and a receiver on the other and a decent antenna.

And when I say a transmitter, there are some people who they make their goal to talk as far around the world as possible with as little as equipment as possible, as low power as possible. So maybe using a quarter of a watt and $10 worth of parts, people are able to send signals that go all the way around the globe.

This is the ultimate lo-fi form of communication I'm gathering. Right. Yeah. And that communication could be anything. Broadcast, propaganda, spy stations, emergency information, weather reports, rag-chewing, which is a term to describe people just talking about their daily life. So radio, Twitter. Yeah. The transmission just has to fall within the right frequency range to count a shore wave.

And there's an international community of hobby radio operators who seek out a special license from their respective governments to do this. That's called ham radio. Ham. Yeah, that's the hobby of using this radio. So Nathaniel discovered that community on a Boy Scout jamboree. A ham radio operator had set up a station in the middle of the woods. I just heard all this crackling and...

buzzing sounds coming out of the radio. And I heard him talking to these faraway places. And that was just really fascinating to me. And he was hooked. Got his license in 1998, just a teenager transmitting to whoever was listening in the northern New Jersey, New York metropolitan area.

So just pure Bruce Springsteen propaganda. It was mostly just his call sign. And 73, this is W2NAF, Whiskey 2, November Alpha Foxtrot. 73 means best regards. It's a pretty common ham radio sign off. Eventually, he upgraded to a better transmitter.

threw a wire out the window of his bedroom and attached it to a tree in his front yard, and he managed to get a hold of a station in Hungary. And it was just a very short contact, but, you know, that was pretty neat. You just throw a wire out your window and you're able to talk to a guy in Hungary, and it worked. And these moments stayed with him. Perfect.

propelling his scientific methodology and his career. Cool. Okay, so tell me a little bit about that. How has Nathaniel used shortwave for science? In a lot of interesting ways, because disturbances happening in the ionosphere, space weather, solar wind conditions, all of that would affect radiology.

So in grad school, he was able to show how a solar flare caused a radio blackout. So cool. Yeah. And during the big 2017 solar eclipse, which I missed because it was cloudy. Tragedy. So sad. But Nathaniel hosted a community science experiment through his group HAMSAI. The group measured how the eclipse affected the transmission of medium and high frequency radio waves.

And the way he's using radio for scientific inquiry is so innovative that this year, the National Science Foundation awarded him a $1.3 million grant. Dang. To do what? Well, he wants to bring universities and this network of ham radio operators together to track what's going on in the ionosphere where short waves propagate in a more day-to-day way. Which we don't really do right now. No, not really.

we don't really understand what happens on short timescales. Like, why is the ionosphere doing this in, like, New York City, but doing something else in Pennsylvania, overhead in Pennsylvania? And why is that important to understand the ionosphere to that level of detail? Well, we as a

a planet are really dependent on things happening in space. And disturbances in the ionosphere do affect communication satellites, global positioning systems, which are used to land planes. All these tools we rely on to keep us safe and connected. And so it's very important to try to understand how everything is connected together in order to make those systems more robust and in order to make them work. Yeah.

And in order to, you know, transmit Christmas carols around the world. Essential. I think a lot of ham radio for me has always been about connecting people from different parts of the world together and connecting.

If you even look at why ham radio exists, if you actually look in the laws, I believe it says that it's for international goodwill. And it's important to try and promote this international goodwill. Kwong, do you think our podcast connects people all around the world? I mean, we don't have three million listeners. That's how many people listen to ham radio. Not yet. Not with that attitude.

Okay, I know world domination is your project. But I will say I got into radio because I enjoyed tuning in and not knowing what I was going to hear. Our podcast definitely does that. I hope so. I think so. So from our team to whoever is out there listening in the world, happy holidays. Happy holidays.

Since 2019, a lot has happened for Nathaniel. He told me that through grants from the NSF and NASA, the HAMSAI project is leading research. They're looking into how the ionosphere responded to all the recent solar eclipses, and they installed a brand new ham radio station at the University of Scranton. They hope it will be a hub for researching the upper atmosphere. The station even lets kids talk to Santa through the SantaNet volunteer network. Click the link in our bio to read more about it.

I'm Emily Kwong. Thank you, as always, for listening to Shortwave, a science podcast from NPR. This message comes from NPR sponsor Merrill. Whatever your financial goals are, you want a straightforward path there. But the real world doesn't usually work that way. Merrill understands that.

That's why, with a dedicated Merrill advisor, you get a personalized plan and a clear path forward. Go to ml.com slash bullish to learn more. Merrill, a Bank of America company. What would you like the power to do? Investing involves risk. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, registered broker-dealer, registered investment advisor, member SIPC.

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