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cover of episode What to Know About The Measles Outbreak

What to Know About The Measles Outbreak

2025/3/18
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Short Wave

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Maria Godoy
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Regina Barber
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Regina Barber: 我关注到最近麻疹疫情在美国迅速蔓延,已有15个州报告病例,疫情仍在持续发展,死亡人数也在增加。德克萨斯州的疫情尤其严重,病例数已经超过了2024年全年的总和。除了德克萨斯州,其他州也出现了一些病例,但这些病例与德克萨斯州的疫情没有关联,而是与国际旅行有关。我们需要了解疫情的传播方式、症状以及如何预防。 Maria Godoy: 美国虽然在2000年宣布麻疹消除,但这并不意味着麻疹已经完全消失。由于全球麻疹仍然存在,未接种疫苗的人仍然可能将病毒带回美国。麻疹疫情是指病毒在当地传播,而零星病例则与国际旅行有关。目前疫情主要在疫苗接种率低的偏远农村地区传播,但其高传染性使其可能蔓延到其他地区。 Maria Godoy: 麻疹的症状通常在感染后7到14天出现,包括高烧、咳嗽、流鼻涕、眼睛发红和皮疹。感染者在出疹前4天和出疹后4天都具有传染性。麻疹是通过空气传播的,感染者咳嗽或说话时会释放出病毒颗粒,这些颗粒可以在空气中存活长达两小时。麻疹是已知最具传染性的疾病之一,其传染性高于埃博拉病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒和水痘。在未接种疫苗的情况下,每位感染者平均会感染多达18人。 接种疫苗是预防麻疹的关键,接种两剂疫苗的有效率高达97%。麻疹疫苗非常安全有效,其副作用远小于感染麻疹的风险。感染麻疹可能导致严重的并发症,如肺炎、脑炎和失明,甚至死亡。麻疹还会损害免疫系统的记忆功能,导致免疫系统“失忆”,忘记如何对抗过去的病原体。这种损害可能持续2到3年。 目前美国大部分地区的疫苗接种率仍然足够高,可以阻止大规模疫情的爆发,但如果接种率持续下降,未来可能再次出现大规模疫情。美国疾病控制与预防中心建议未接种疫苗的人接种疫苗,特别是计划出国旅行的人。维生素A可以辅助治疗麻疹,但不能预防麻疹。一些反疫苗人士错误地宣传长期补充维生素A可以预防麻疹,但这是一种错误信息,而且过量补充维生素A可能有害。预防麻疹的最佳方法是接种疫苗。1957年后出生并在1968年前接种过疫苗的人可能需要再次接种疫苗。不确定自己是否接种过麻疹疫苗的人可以再次接种疫苗。

Deep Dive

Chapters
The measles outbreak started in West Texas in January 2025 and spread to New Mexico. As of last Friday, there were nearly 300 confirmed cases, surpassing the total for all of 2024. While individual cases in other states are linked to international travel, the outbreak is spreading locally in rural areas with low vaccination rates.
  • Measles outbreak in West Texas spread to New Mexico
  • Nearly 300 confirmed cases by last Friday
  • Outbreak surpasses total measles infections in 2024
  • Individual cases in other states linked to international travel

Shownotes Transcript

Measles is one of the most contagious infectious diseases known to science – more contagious than Ebola, smallpox or COVID-19. Declining vaccination rates over the past few years, plus a recent outbreak in West Texas, have public health experts concerned. Here's what to know about the science of this virus — plus how to protect against it. For the latest, host Regina G. Barber) talks to NPR health correspondent Maria Godoy).*Interested in other stories about public health? Tell us what you want to hear about by emailing [email protected])!Listen to every episode of Short Wave sponsor-free and support our work at NPR by signing up for Short Wave+ at plus.npr.org/shortwave).*Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoices)NPR Privacy Policy)