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cover of episode Is This the End of Globalization and Free Trade?

Is This the End of Globalization and Free Trade?

2025/4/9
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Money For the Rest of Us

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David Stein
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我讨论了特朗普政府提高关税的原因、目标以及可能的影响。政府的目标是缩小贸易逆差,增加出口,减少进口,并希望看到美元贬值和美国制造业回流。 长期以来,美国一直对巨额贸易逆差感到担忧,认为这导致美国财富流失到外国手中。政府认为,其他国家使用非关税壁垒来限制美国出口,例如货币操纵、增值税扭曲、倾销出口补贴、国有企业、知识产权盗窃、歧视性产品标准、配额、禁令、不透明的许可制度、繁重的海关程序等等。 提高关税可能会导致更高的物价和更低的经济增长,因为物价上涨会降低消费需求。关税的不确定性也可能导致企业调整贸易路线,而美元升值可能部分抵消关税的影响。然而,鉴于关税水平之高,这似乎不太现实。 尽管全球化程度仍然很高,但美国与中国的贸易和资本、信息流动自2016年以来下降了25%。虽然美国与中国之间的世界商品贸易份额相对较小,但关税对全球经济的影响不容忽视。 全球贸易促进了全球经济增长和财富积累,提高了生产力。然而,全球化也导致了财富和收入不平等的加剧,引发了关于全球贸易受益者分配的争议。虽然美国人均GDP增长,但实际中位收入和实际中位周收入增长较慢。 一些人认为,通货膨胀被高估了,实际中位收入可能高于官方数据显示的水平。低收入家庭可能从全球贸易中受益匪浅,其消费水平有所提高。 美国制造业就业人数下降,部分原因是工厂生产效率提高,但主要原因是制造业转移到生产成本较低的地区。关税可能会导致一些国家的GDP下降,金融市场预期美国经济衰退的可能性较高。 特朗普政府对关税的立场坚定,这不太可能改变。关税将导致物价上涨和经济增长放缓,制造业回流美国需要数年时间。全球化不会结束,但贸易不会是完全自由的,关税和贸易壁垒将持续存在。

Deep Dive

Chapters
This chapter explores the Trump administration's decision to raise tariffs, its reasoning behind it (narrower trade deficit, more exports, fewer imports etc.), and the initial market reactions, including significant drops in the US stock market and increased volatility.
  • Massive expansion of tariffs on imports to the U.S.
  • U.S. stock market dropped over 10% in two days.
  • The VIX volatility index soared to over 45%.
  • The Trump administration's goal: narrower trade deficit, more exports, fewer imports, lower capital account surplus, weakened dollar, more manufacturing in the U.S.
  • Navarro's claim of $20 trillion American wealth transferred to foreign hands due to trade deficit.
  • U.S. MFN tariff at 3.3%, compared to higher rates in other countries.
  • Potential average U.S. tariff rate of 24% with new tariffs.
  • Frustration with WTO's most favored nation rule.
  • Allegations of non-tariff barriers used by other countries to hinder American exports.

Shownotes Transcript

What will the impact be now that the U.S. has one of the highest tariff rates in the world?

Topics covered include:

  • Why the Trump administration raised tariffs
  • How the last round of U.S. tariffs led to higher prices and lower economic growth
  • Four ways the world remains close to record connectivity
  • Who have been the winners and losers from global trade
  • What will be the impact of this trade war

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Show Notes

The economic consequences of Mr Trump – looking for clarity in the tariffs chaos by Neil Shearing—Capital Economics)

Tariff rate, most favored nation, simple mean, all products (%)—World Bank Group)

Donald Trump’s tariffs will fix a broken system by Peter Navarro—The Financial Times)

DHL Global Connectedness Tracker—DHL)

Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach by Karl R. Popper—Oxford University Press)

GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$)—World Bank Group)

JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ, GLOBALIZATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS REVISITED: ANTI-GLOBALIZATION IN THE ERA OF TRUMP, NEW YORK: W.W. NORTON & COMPANY, 2018 by Lino Sau—Annals of the Fondazione Luigi Einaudi)

FIFTY YEARS OF GROWTH IN AMERICAN CONSUMPTION, INCOME, AND)

WAGES by Bruce Sacerdote—National Bureau of Economic Research)

Real Median Household Income in the United States—FRED)

Employed full time: Median usual weekly real earnings: Wage and salary workers: 16 years and over—FRED)

Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Food in U.S. City Average/Median Household Income in the United States—FRED)

Trump’s Love for Tariffs Began in Japan’s ’80s Boom By Jim Tankersley and Mark Landler—The New York Times)

Related Episodes

515: Tariffs and the Mar-a-Lago Accord: What Trump Really Wants)

516: What Trump Wants Part 2 – How Trade Deficits and Capital Flows Can Harm or Help Countries)

427: Did the Tariffs Work? The Trade War Five Years Later)

212: Trade Wars Increase Prices and Poverty)

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