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cover of episode Giampaolo Conte, "A History of Capitalist Transformation: A Critique of Liberal-Capitalist Reforms" (Routledge, 2024)

Giampaolo Conte, "A History of Capitalist Transformation: A Critique of Liberal-Capitalist Reforms" (Routledge, 2024)

2025/2/25
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自2008年金融危机以来,"自由改革"一词已成为紧缩和经济困境的象征,尤其对工人阶级和部分中产阶级而言。本书旨在分析自由资本主义改革的历史起源,揭示其本质是将半边缘国家融入资本主义世界经济体系的工具,通过直接或间接地强加规则、制度、态度和程序,以符合资本主义精英和霸权国家的经济和政治利益。 自由资本主义改革或新自由主义资本主义改革是一种非暴力的资本主义转型过程,旨在促进更广泛的新自由主义规则、规范和思维方式的采用,这包括使劳动力市场更加灵活(通常是通过削减劳动权利)、改进税收制度(通常是累退性的)、通过提高退休年龄来维持福利的可持续性以及放松服务业管制。这些改革通过自上而下和横向两种途径运作:自上而下,新资本主义精英掌握权力,改造社会以满足其资本积累需求;横向,霸权国家精英与半边缘国家的精英结盟,增加议价能力和利润份额。核心国家和半边缘国家资本主义精英之间存在跨国联盟,其目的是为了资本积累。 内部改革是指资本主义精英掌握权力后,塑造社会以符合其利益,例如英国工业资产阶级在18世纪末19世纪初的统治。外部改革是指资本主义国家精英帮助其他国家资本主义阶级夺取权力,这不仅使新资本主义阶级合法化,也使霸权国家精英受益。资本主义利用自由主义意识形态来更好地追求其资本积累的需求,两者并非完全相同。 本书结合世界体系理论和葛兰西的霸权概念来分析自由资本主义改革,前者提供总体框架,后者解释了支配集团如何获得权力。自由资本主义改革旨在为资本主义阶级创造有利的结构,维护其统治地位。国家权力,包括军事威胁,是强制其他国家实施改革的关键。2008年金融危机后的欧洲联盟的情况,是内部和外部改革主义相结合的完美例子,边缘国家的精英接受了有利于自身和核心国家精英的政策,导致不平等加剧和民族主义和民粹主义政党的兴起。 自由资本主义改革被宣传为对所有人都有利,但实际上只惠及富裕阶层,通过操纵媒体和制造恐惧来获得民众的同意。自由资本主义改革最终更有利于金融阶层,而非中下阶层,其本质是资本主义精英的阶级利益的体现。

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A History of Capitalist Transformation: A Critique of Liberal-Capitalist Reforms) highlights how, since the recent financial crises, the expression ‘liberal reform’ has entered common parlance as an evocative image of austerity and economic malaise, especially for the working classes and a segment of the middle class. But what exactly does ‘liberal reform’ refer to? The research analyzes the historical origins of liberal-capitalist reformism using a critical approach, starting with the origins of the Industrial Revolution.

The book demonstrates that the chief purpose of such reforms was to integrate semi-peripheral states into the capitalist world-economy by imposing, both directly and indirectly, the adoption of rules, institutions, attitudes, and procedures amenable to economic and political interests of capitalist élites and hegemonic states – Britain first, the United States later – between the nineteenth and twenty-first centuries. As such, the reforms became an active tool used to promote social-economical-financial institutions, norms, and lifestyles typical of a liberal-capitalist economic order which locates some of its founding values in capital accumulation, profit-seeking, and social transformation.

This book will be of significant interest to readers on capitalism, political economy, the history of the global economy, and British history.

Giampaolo Conte is Assistant Professor in Economic History at University of Roma Tre, Italy.

Morteza Hajizadeh) is a Ph.D. graduate in English from the University of Auckland in New Zealand. His research interests are Cultural Studies; Critical Theory; Environmental History; Medieval (Intellectual) History; Gothic Studies; 18th and 19th Century British Literature. YouTube channel). Twitter).

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