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We Have Never Been Woke: A Conversation with Musa al-Gharbi

2025/4/3
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New Books in Critical Theory

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Musa al-Gharbi: 我认为,知识经济从业者关于自身历史地位和社会角色的叙事,掩盖了社会问题的受益者、问题持续存在的原因以及问题的产生方式。我们自称站在历史正确的一方,是弱势群体的拥护者和盟友,但这掩盖了谁从许多社会问题中获益,以及这些问题为何持续存在、如何产生的真相。这阻碍了我们在许多我们明显关注的社会问题上取得进展。 我将这些精英称为“象征性资本家”,因为他们主要通过培养和利用象征性资本谋生。他们并非一个阶级,而是跨越传统阶级界限的精英群体。他们通过生产和操纵符号、数据等而非提供物质产品和服务来谋生。这包括教育、咨询、法律、人力资源等领域的人员。 与传统的阶级分析不同,如今老板和员工的政治倾向趋于一致。职业,甚至父母的职业,比阶级更能预测一个人的生活机会和政治倾向。例如,医生和外科医生尽管收入和生活方式相似,但政治立场却截然相反,这源于其职业性质的不同:医生主要从事诊断和开处方(象征性工作),而外科医生则主要进行手术等体力劳动。 我个人经历了象征性经济和物质产品生产经济两种工作,这让我更全面地理解两者之间的差异。在销售鞋时,我能直接帮助人们解决实际问题,而现在从事学术研究,我很少能直接帮助人们解决实际问题。象征性职业的特点是其工作目标通常被定义为利他主义和服务大众,但实际工作中往往并非如此。 我们这些象征性资本家,虽然自认为是反种族主义者、环保主义者、LGBTQ盟友、女权主义者等等,但过去50年来,我们获得了更多权力和影响力,社会不平等却加剧了,社会问题也并未得到解决。这其中存在着根本性的矛盾:我们既想成为精英,又想成为平等主义者,但两者是相互矛盾的。 在追求社会正义时,我们往往选择那些不会让我们付出代价、冒风险或改变自身生活方式的方式,甚至理想情况下,还能提升我们的社会地位。我们缺乏对我们所声称要帮助的人群的了解,这阻碍了我们实现社会正义目标。我们往往依赖于媒体上少数代表性人物的观点,而非真正了解他们所声称要代表的人群的实际情况。 许多读者误解了本书对“实际资本家”的论述,许多百万富翁和亿万富翁实际上也是象征性资本家。象征性资本家在当代美国政府中占据主导地位,这在很大程度上被忽视了。 Laura Laurent: 在与Musa al-Gharbi教授的对话中,我了解到,他并没有对“觉醒”给出明确定义,因为他认为强行定义反而会模糊其内涵。他更关注“觉醒”在象征性劳动和物质生产劳动之间的动态关系中所扮演的功能。他通过数据分析表明,2010年左右以及2021年左右,社会文化发生了显著变化,并与20世纪的其他三次“觉醒”时期进行了比较。他还指出,象征性资本家对社会正义和平等的承诺是真诚的,但他们同时也有保持精英地位的愿望,这两种愿望之间存在冲突。在两者冲突时,后者往往占据上风,导致他们追求社会正义的方式往往不会让他们付出代价、冒风险或改变自身生活方式。

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Why does occupation reliably predict political leanings? What is social capitalism, and how does it span income classes? If social capitalists are sincerely committed to equality and “wokeness,” why do they simultaneously benefit from—and perpetuate—the very inequalities they denounce?

Join us as we dive into Musa al-Gharbi’s provocative new book, We Have Never Been Woke: The Cultural Contradictions of a New Elite) (Princeton University Press, 2024). We explore al-Gharbi’s central argument: the disconnect between the stated values of the "symbolic capital elite" and the real-world consequences of their actions, despite their genuine intentions. Al-Gharbi draws parallels to past "great awakenings"—periods of profound cultural upheaval and shifting attitudes toward civil rights. We also examine whether defining "wokeness" is essential to his thesis, and al-Gharbi clarifies some of the most frequently misunderstood aspects of his work.

Musa al-Gharbi is a sociologist and assistant professor in the School of Communication and Journalism at Stony Brook University. A columnist for The Guardian, his writing has appeared in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Atlantic, and other major publications.

Madison’s Notes) is the podcast of Princeton University’s James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions).

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