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cover of episode 82. Which Is More Powerful: Reward or Punishment?

82. Which Is More Powerful: Reward or Punishment?

2022/1/16
logo of podcast No Stupid Questions

No Stupid Questions

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Angela Duckworth
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Angela Duckworth:奖励是指将好的事物与行为联系起来,以增强行为的重复发生;惩罚则指对不良行为施加负面后果以减少其发生。负强化与惩罚不同,它指的是通过去除负面刺激来增强行为。宇宙层面来看,奖励多于惩罚,但从心理学角度,我们对负面事物更敏感。在育儿和领导中,惩罚更常见,因为它能迅速产生效果,但长期来看,奖励正面行为更有效,即使效果不那么立竿见影。应减少惩罚,增加对正面行为的奖励,并积极创造条件促进正面行为的发生,例如,通过搭建支架(scaffolding)简化任务。避免不真诚的赞扬,并考虑间歇性奖励,这可能比持续奖励更有效。 Stephen Dubner:就个人而言,作为奖励的接受者,她认为奖励能提高生产力并带来幸福感。政府通常侧重于惩罚,而非奖励。理查德·塞勒倡导使用积极强化来鼓励合规行为,台湾的新北市通过“狗粪彩票”的例子说明了积极强化在鼓励社会积极行为方面的有效性。虽然奖励可以鼓励积极行为,但政府应该谨慎使用经济激励措施,以免产生负面影响,并应考虑非经济激励方式。改变行为有时需要采取非传统的方法,例如,对不那么糟糕的行为进行奖励。

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The discussion clarifies the differences between positive and negative reinforcement, explaining that negative reinforcement involves removing a negative condition to increase a behavior, while punishment involves adding a negative condition to decrease a behavior.

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How is “negative reinforcement” different from punishment? Could positive reinforcement encourage prosocial behavior on a national scale? And what’s the deal with Taiwan’s dog-poop lottery?