Octomom
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在海洋一英里深处，我们得以目睹一只章鱼展现出勇气和决心的英雄行为。该集于2020年首次播出，讲述了一只生活在海洋一英里深处的章鱼的故事，她展现出勇气和决心的英雄行为。2007年，布鲁斯·罗比森的机器人潜艇偶然发现了一只章鱼正在孵化她的卵子。看似是一个小瞬间。但当他一个月又一个月地回去探访她时，最初的母性行为变成了一项任何已知物种都无法比拟的英雄壮举。该集由安妮·麦基温报道和制作。特别感谢蒙特雷湾水族馆研究所的金·富尔顿-贝内特和罗布·谢尔洛克。今天请在Radiolab.org/donate支持Radiolab。如果你需要更多海洋的生活，可以查看令人惊叹的蒙特雷湾水族馆直播摄像头（尤其是水母！）：www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/live-cams这是八爪妈坐在她的卵子上的照片（© 2007 MBARI），2007年11月1日。我们有一些激动人心的消息！在“Zoozve”这一集中，Radiolab命名了它的第一个准月球，现在轮到你了！Radiolab与国际天文学联合会合作，发起了一项全球命名比赛，为地球的一个准月球命名。这是你在天空中留下印记的机会。现在到九月提交你的名字创意，或者从十一月开始投票选出你最喜欢的名字：https://radiolab.org/moon注册我们的新闻通讯！！它包括短文、推荐和与节目互动的其他方式的详细信息。注册（https://radiolab.org/newsletter）！Radiolab由像你这样的听众支持。今天通过成为实验室的会员（https://members.radiolab.org/）来支持Radiolab。在Instagram、Twitter和Facebook上关注我们的节目@radiolab，并通过电子邮件与我们分享你的想法[email protected]。Radiolab科学节目领导支持由戈登和贝蒂·摩尔基金会、科学沙盒（西蒙斯基金会倡议）和约翰·坦普尔顿基金会提供。Radiolab的基础支持由阿尔弗雷德·P·斯隆基金会提供。 </context> <raw_text>0 Radiolab is supported by Progressive. Most of you aren't just listening right now, you're driving, exercising, cleaning.

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Potential savings will vary. Discounts not available in all states and situations. Listener supported. WNYC Studios. Hey, it's Latif. I would like to pull up from the watery depths a story of perseverance. It's a story of focus. It's a story of one little creature fighting, fighting, fighting,

to the extreme extent of every fiber of its being for the future of its progeny. Part of the thing I love about it is it's so far from anything you're reading about otherwise in the news. It feels almost like it's as far as you can get on planet Earth from your own personal drama, and it helps remind you how much more is out there that has nothing to do with you. That's Octomom, originally broadcast in 2020.

but just as timeless as ever today. Hope you enjoy.

Hey, I'm Jad Abumrad. This is Radiolab and Danny McKeown. Yes. Well, what do you got for me? Well, first of all, Robert, let me just get the levels

Okay, I'm here. We've got Robert. Robert! Maybe you can tell... I'm sitting in on this one with Annie. As many of you know, he retired from Radiolab not too long ago, but I brought him out of retirement and back into the studio to sit in with me on this interview. We just sometimes pile on when it looks like it's going to be a candy fun thing to do. And second of all, I have a hero and a story that, I don't know, I just feel like it's exactly...

The kind of story that we all need right now, at this moment. Okay, let's go. Okay, so let's start with our main character. Excuse me. This is our hero? Oh, no, no, no, no. No, well, our main storyteller, I guess. My name is Bruce Robeson, reaching out to you from KAZU in Monterey, California, California State University, Monterey Bay. Whoa.

Whoa. Oh, you got it all in there. No, that was very well done. So Bruce is a deep sea explorer. I'm a Southern California beach kid who just kept going out deeper and deeper. These days he works at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. And basically he and his team, they'll go out on a boat with a little remote sub that they drop into the water with a camera.

and see what they can see. It's really exciting because there are all of these cool animals. I'm just curious, like, did you just go out onto the ocean and then look down? I went, oh! How does it begin, this story? Well, one day...

This is back in April of 2007. We're on a ship called Western Flyer. They're on one of their runs checking out sea life, and they're just off the coast over this giant underwater canyon, the Monterey Canyon. Pretty much the same scale and scope as the Grand Canyon in Arizona. There's an underwater Grand Canyon in Monterey Bay? That's right. Wow. And on this day, Bruce and his team...

Drop a little robot sub down into the water. A little less than a mile down. Which doesn't seem like a lot. But imagine going down the length of the Empire State Building. And then go down another Empire State Building. Oh my god. And then go down another Empire State Building. And then go down, like, maybe a few more floors. Like, maybe ten more floors of that Empire State Building.

That's... that makes me a little bit dizzy. The darkness is overwhelming. You can look up and say, well, maybe the surface is up that way, but the last little photons have given up. And yet, it is punctuated by sparkles and twinkles and flashes all around. The majority of animals that live there make their own light.

And you can hear scritches and squeaks and thumps around you. Oh, Bruce, I'm noticing that your chair is rather vocal. It seems like it's squeaking. Unless that's Robert. Is that you, Robert? That's my imitation of a ship at sea. It's not quite working for me. It sounds a lot like a chair. No, no, no. It's his fault. It's not mine. You're rocking. Well, I'll try not. Yeah.

Anyway, they're down there in the darkness, and they flick on this little headlight. And sweeping this cone of light around in front of them, they see the silty seafloor, a few rocky outcrops, when into that cone of light wanders... An octopus moving towards the rock across the seafloor. Our hero, using her arms to sort of pull and glide and roll herself along...

She was kind of purpley gray, dark, mottled. There was a crescent-shaped scar on one arm and a circular scar elsewhere. Cool, like tattoos. Yeah. Just so you get a sense of size, can you fit her on your lap or could you wear her as a hat? Okay. The mantle, the roundy part, was as big as a healthy cantaloupe. Oh.

How long are the tentacles? Foot and a half long. They're very stretchy. Ooh, okay. Anyway, about a month later, we went back and dropped down. A month later? You see an animal heading towards a rock and you don't wait to see if she gets there because would that take too long? We weren't really focused on that. It was just an observation. Okay. Anyway.

Anyway, when they went back in the robot sub a month later, that same octopus was up on a vertical face on the rock sitting on a clutch of eggs. Her body covering the eggs, each of her arms curled in a little spiral tucked into position. How many babies was she sitting on? 160. Are they jelly bean sized or? Yeah, that's a good approximation. And Bruce and his team were like, oh, this

This is great. We know within about a month when the eggs were laid. And they'd often wondered, like, how long does it take for octopus eggs to hatch? Does science not know about the brooding period of octopuses? Not deep water ones. Oh. Which was a totally different species of octopus and could have a totally different way of doing things, for all they knew. We know so little about life in the deep sea that something like this can be very...

Did you have a name for her other than like 1006-B? We just called her Octomom. Octomom. Beautiful. So whenever they were out at sea and had time in their schedule, they'd toss in the robot sub, drop down, and have a look at Octomom. They dropped down in May, and there she is, a little figure huddled on the rock.

A month or so later, there she is again, sitting on her eggs and warding off predators. Crabs and shrimps on the rock. Who would have loved to chow down on her eggs? So let's say I'm a crab and

And I see some lady sitting on 160 babies. So I figure my odds are pretty good that I can scarf at least six of them. Not a chance. Oh. She is vigilant and relentless. Couldn't I bite her? Nope. Nope. No. Yeah, what happens if a crab bites her? Yeah, or pinces her? She would squeeze the heck out of it. Okay. Okay.

A couple months after that, they're zooming in towards the rock and, oh, there she is, cleaning the eggs with an arm. Like, la, la, la, la, la. And you can see the baby octopus inside the egg after a while. Next visit. Still there. A couple months after that. Oh. There she is. Same old spot. Ah. October, still there? You bet. November? Yes. Curled around her babies, cleaning them, protecting them. Mm-hmm. And it's now been around six months, something like that.

And Bruce and his team start to notice that she was changing. She became very pale. She clearly lost weight. And you could see over time that her eyes began to get cloudy. I say the human counterpart might be cataracts. And according to Bruce, for an octopus, this is normal. Most octopuses that we know about do not feed while they're brooding. At all?

Oh, she's stuck to the rock with her jellybees that entire time? Yeah, she hasn't moved. So that would mean that she was starving. Yes. And not just starving, but starving to death. Octopus moms die after they reproduce. Who is this? Oh, this is Anne. I know. I'm sorry.

I was like, I'll talk to whatever voice is coming through the headphones. So Yan Wang. I'm an evolutionary neuroscientist. She's a postdoc at Princeton, but she did her Ph.D. research on reproduction and death in the octopus.

Now, she studied a shallow water species of octopus, which tend to have a very short life. It typically only lives for a year. Really? Yeah. That's it for an octopus? I know. Isn't that crazy? That seems... I mean, all the attention they get is being these brainy creatures. I know. And to think they're so ephemeral. Now, the deep sea species like Octomom probably live a little longer than that. We don't actually know exactly how long.

But Yan told me that all octopuses have a sort of similar life story. Like when you're a kid, you're just growing. So you're just eating everything. Then you hit puberty. You got to find a mate that won't eat you. Apparently that's a big risk. And when you do finally find that mate. The male octopus reaches with one of its arms into the mantle. The big balloony part of his body. Reaches in there and removes a sperm packet. And he tucks it inside the female's mantle.

Here you go. And that's it. That's their sex, which sounded a little dry to me. Well, I once was describing this on a train, a commuter train, to a friend of mine, and I suddenly noticed the train was completely silent. So, um...

In a porn-like way or in a horror way? In a total porn-like way. This is Cy Montgomery. She's the author of The Soul of an Octopus, as well as like 29 other books about animals. And one Valentine's Day at the Seattle Aquarium, she got to see octosex. Let's see. The male might have been up in the corner. Teeny digression here. And the female came out of the one tank and entered this tank and crawled towards him. As soon as he realized...

My love has arrived. They both turned bright red and they flew into each other's arms and they covered each other with their suckers. Sixteen arms going on and they're all very fast. But they stay together for a while afterwards, sometimes hours. I mean, it was very romantic. The male often wrapped around the female and frequently they both turn white, which is the color of a relaxed octopus.

So that's when they're having the cigarette. Anyway, we can't know if that's what Octomom experienced. She has a different species after all. But what we do know is that when she used that sperm, that was the beginning of the end of her life. The female can essentially decide when she wants to fertilize her eggs.

Because once she lays them, you know, she's not going to move them. So, yeah, she has to go do all of her favorite things one last time before she switches over. Her last hurrah, her rumspringa. Totally. Yeah. But when she decides the time is right, she'll find a safe spot and lay her eggs. Then, as the eggs are about to hatch, she dies. Now, the shallow water species of octopus that Yan studies, this sitting and taking care of your eggs phase doesn't last that long. Only about a month.

But with Octomom, since they knew virtually nothing about the species, the question was, how long would it go? How long would she sit on those eggs, not eating, slowly dying? Are you visiting her every month or two, or every three months? No, no, no. There wasn't a regular...

This was sort of bootleg science. We were out there doing other things that we were supposed to do as part of our project up in the water column. And if we had a little extra dive time, we'd sneak down and check her out. Which they did month after month after month after month. If you keep counting, how far does it go? Well, let's see. Let's see. Year one.

Year? Yeah. Oh, wow. Year one, they drop down. She's looking pretty rough. And there are all these crabs crawling around. And they're scientists, but they're also kind of having a hard time watching this octopus suffer, for lack of a better word. And one of the things that we tried was we went down once and broke a couple legs off a crab. With a robot? Yeah. We have manipulator arms. We can do all kinds of neat stuff. Oh.

So we broke off a couple of crab legs and offered them to her. She wouldn't have anything to do with it. We tried that, oh, two, three times. And one time in year two, they drop down and they see that she is being circled by crabs. Looking as though they were trying to mass an attack, if you will. Like how?

How many? Three or four. She's like very weak at this point. And these crabs are like circling her like you imagine with pitchforks like around a steak or something. Back, you devils. And Bruce and his team are like, oh, my God, like what's going to happen? You know, could this be the end? And all right. So we couldn't hang around. Oh, man, you are not the kind of people. We would not hire you. Right.

If we were following somebody who was under attack by a group of crabs who had drawn a circle of death around her and said, no one shall pass, we would not go back upstairs. We would stay. We had other things on our agenda.

Oh, come on. They just grabbed a crab last time. Just like shoo them away with the arms. That's what I know. But they would come right back. I mean, they can't guard her. But they leave her there in the dark being circled by crabs. That was at the beginning of a week-long trip. So they're out at sea doing their research. And all the while they're thinking...

What happened to Octomom and the crabs? So on our way back home, we thought, let's go check. Let's see how things are. They drop in the sub. They drop down. They drop down, down, down, down, down, down. Biting their nails. As we try to find our way into the rock. And we're searching, searching, searching. And then there, a white blob in the darkness. It's like...

Okay, good. There she is. There she is. Still there. And there are no crabs around her anymore. There were crab parts all over the seafloor below her. So she killed them? Yes. So she, in her weakened state, torn them apart with her arm. All the folks in the control room on the ship and the pilots were all going, yay! Yay!

So you left for a week and during that time she fought like the battle of her life. That's right. Missed the whole thing. And they are counting the eggs every single time and she is still at 160. We never saw any evidence that anybody had picked off one of the eggs. Not a one? Nope. This is heroic. It is heroic. She was wasting away and would eventually have

to die, but it would have to be timed right with the hatching of the babies. Because if she were to lose her grip and drift off of the eggs, then a crab could come and just, you know, have a huge brunch. I mean, there was this tension of her holding on until... They were ready. Yes. Yes.

Well, doesn't it seem to you like there's people who say, I'm going to be dying tonight, but I'm going to wait for Johnny to come home. And then Johnny bursts through the door and says, look, and exchanges a glance, and then, poof, mommy dies. It sort of feels a little like that.

Let's move on to year three. What? She's still there. Yeah. This is. I know she's getting worse. This is horrible and amazing at the same time. She has not eaten anything. They're like aghast. She is just like this titan. Year four. We move on to year four. Like it's just like unbelievable time. Let me give you a sense of like what is happening. So.

2007, that's when they saw her. Boris Yeltsin dies. First iPhone released for sale in the USA. Big moments. 2008, the economy crashes. Obama is elected. Like these huge things are happening.

Right up, right upstairs from her. She's just still doing that same thing. 2009, Usain Bolt breaks the world record for the 100 meter dash. Bitcoin. I think Bitcoin happened somewhere in there. Bitcoin. Okay. 2009, Michael Jackson dies. Wow. 2010, those Chilean miners are rescued after 69 days. Oh my God. I remember that. Yeah, of course. Wow. Haiti has a huge earthquake, the worst they ever had in 200 years. Yeah.

2011, we're moving on to 2011 now. The Arab Spring. Oh, my God. Same-sex marriages legalized in New York State. Amy Winehouse, Steve Jobs, and Osama bin Laden all die. All the while, Octomom has been sitting there withering, but killing crabs that come from her babies. Yeah, like not eating, but somehow remaining vigilant. Just seems so crazy to me. Like, why would...

Why would evolution make an animal that needs to gestate her babies that long? Well, we don't know. Bruce and Yan both said that maybe it's because it's so cold down there that everything happens more slowly. Or maybe you need super developed babies because it's such a harsh environment. But basically, it's still a mystery. Like, they don't even know if Octomom is like this crazy freak of nature or...

Or if she's ordinary. Like, she's the only octopus of this species that anyone has ever watched do this. But my question was how? How can she survive this? Like, how can she just sit there not eating for four years and not just die? It's just a totally bizarre thing, right? It sounds like magic. Lucky for us, this is exactly what Yan studied for her Ph.D.,

So when we come back from a quick break, together with Yan, we're going to find out how she does it and how far she can go.

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On this week's On the Media, we go back in time to the infamous election call that put Fox News on the map. Fox News now projects George W. Bush the winner in Florida, and thus it appears the winner of the presidency of the United States. Fox News, the origin story on this week's On the Media from WNYC. Find On the Media wherever you get your podcasts. Jad Radiolab back with Annie McKeown and Octomom.

So before the break, we had landed on the very simple question of how. How does Octomom manage to stay alive and defend her eggs, not moving, no food, for over four years? Right, so we just didn't know. Well, Yan says the answer lies in a very peculiar fact about the octopus's brain, which helps her pull off these last few deeply essential beats of her life.

If we were to think about the nervous system as, say, like an orchestra. To understand how this works, Yan says you can think of all the different parts of the octopus's brain as different sections in an orchestra. You know, like the brass is going to take care of, like, vision or something like that. Or, you know, the strings are taking care of motor functions and things like that.

Maybe the basses regulating heartbeat, the woodwinds taking care of memory. And as she swims along, living her octopus life, the whole orchestra is playing, all the instruments doing their job. But as she lays her eggs...

There's a shift. A shutting down of processes that are normally functioning to keep the body going. Every instrument in that orchestra starts to hush. Everybody going quiet. Except...

There's this one section of the orchestra. Yeah, the optic glands. These are like two really tiny, they're kind of the size of, you know, a grain of rice. They sit right between her eyes. They have their solo at this point. And would that be the opera singer? Or who is that? Who is everyone quieting to hear? Well, let me think about this. It would not be...

you know, a very common instrument. It's not a huge part of the brain. So it wouldn't really be a string. I don't think it would be like a wind instrument. Or maybe it would be a weird one, you know, like a bassoon or something like that. One where there's just one or two in a full orchestra. Okay, I like that. So as all the other parts of the nervous system begin to drop away, the bassoon, these tiny grains of rice...

have their moment. They're playing a very complicated chemical song that Yan is only just beginning to piece together. But she knows that part of the work they're doing is triggering a bunch of different chemicals. Things like steroids and it's insulin that enable it to stay alive without additional food intake.

And so, all the while she's down there, years and years being visited again and again by this robot, on the outside she looks like a very old lady. Pale skin, cataracts, flabby muscles, a little pale blob in the darkness, all alone. But on the inside, she's very much alive. Alive in this incredibly centered, focused way.

Year after year after year after year, she's playing her heart out. Bruce, I just want to remind you about the chair thing. Oh, sorry. No problem, no problem. All right. Dylan's offering me a better chair. Let's say a more silent chair. Let me pick up my butt out of this one. Okay. Move it over to another one. Thank you, Dylan. Did you have...

Did you have moments where you were like out buying eggs, bicycling, you know, cleaning the car and just had this moment like, oh, she's there. I know exactly where she is. She's doing her job. Like these little moments of you living your life and her just constantly working as a mother. Yeah, I thought about her all the time. Okay, so we are at year four or is that where we are? So we're at year four and a half. Four and a half years. Yes.

Is that the world record for longest brooding period on planet Earth? Yeah, it is. Whoa. We had been there a month before, and she was still there looking pretty haggard, I've got to say. But she was hanging in there. And then one day we dropped down and were flying in towards the rock. He's watching the screen up on the ship, just seeing darkness.

Then there's the rocky outcrop. There's her spot. And she wasn't there. We couldn't see her. What does that mean? We knew we were at the right place. We could see the patch on the rock. And there were all of these tattered egg cases everywhere.

just in the spot where she had been. Tattered head cases means that the babies have been born? Well, the first thing we did was search. Are there babies on the rock? Are the babies still here? Or did any of them survive? Or was it some sort of apocalyptic demise at the hands of all those hungry-looking crabs? So they're frantically sort of searching around the rock, searching and searching and searching. And then they begin to see...

0 小宝宝们是她的同类。他们在这里看到一个小宝宝，那里看到一个小宝宝。小章鱼在爬来爬去。哦。他们一直在喂养和成长，很明显，他们是我们观察到的那一窝卵的幼崽。它们看起来像她吗？都是一样的，有着新月的形状。可惜，不是。它们小了很多。是的。

但很明显它们是同一种类。你见过她吗？没有。我确信她已经被某个 scavenger 吃掉了。哦，我的天。但你只想给她一个时刻来看看。是的。好吧，我们有点问布鲁斯，像...

你能帮我们想象一下她当时的感受吗？因为你不知道，因为你像往常一样错过了那个真正的重要时刻。我一定是出去吃汉堡了。你能在你的脑海中想象一下最后的时刻吗？她是在清理卵子，还是卵子开始孵化了？我们怀疑她一直待到最后一个卵子孵化。

你是说在看着它们？也许不是在看着它们，而是在感受它们。保护它们。哦，我的天，那太神奇了。它们是尽职尽责的妈妈。所以她会感受到她下面的新活动，然后知道是时候最终放手了。对。好吧，放松，妈妈。结束了。你完成了你的工作。太酷了。这就像是传递生命的接力棒。是的。是的。

我现在喜欢思考这个故事，因为我们都像是，我不知道，只是需要像抓住什么一样。有一种抓住的感觉。是的。等待和耐心，就像，我不知道，拥有信念之类的东西，你知道的，就像静止不动并抓住，她给我们提供了如此伟大的榜样。哇。你知道，等一下。我必须结束这种疯狂。是的，是的，是的。去吧。埃米尔，特杰，别进来。我在工作。

哦，我的天。你知道我在想什么吗？什么？这太有趣了。这就像是你所讲故事的绝对错误的配乐。哦，孩子们变得疯狂。你在谈论一个母亲以爱的方式受苦，然后为了她的果冻豆而死去。而我有这些孩子，他们现在就像野蛮人一样四处奔跑，因为他们快要发疯了。不，你知道我在想什么吗？我想的是...

这太美丽、英雄和感人了。但我又想，她并没有在讲述...如果你把故事拿走，只想象她的经历，她在黑暗中待了五年。就像，我想知道她...我想知道...她对任何事情都没有概念，除了某种程度上...她所经历的和我们所讲述的故事之间的脱节是我现在需要思考的一切。因为...

我们都在试图以某种方式保护我们的果冻豆。但如果你考虑一下那种体验，它可能会让人感到害怕、孤独和黑暗，你知道吗？谢谢你，安妮。没关系。

这个故事是由安妮·麦基温报道和制作的，音乐方面得到了亚历克斯·欧文顿的帮助。感谢凯尔·威尔逊为我们演奏性感的萨克斯风。还有非常感谢我们的巴松管演奏者布拉德·巴利特，他为章鱼妈妈最黑暗的时刻和最辉煌的时刻提供了配乐。

当然，也要感谢布鲁斯。好吧，我们耽误了你，所以我们应该让你走。非常感谢你，布鲁斯。我真的很感激。好的。再一次，我觉得我们得到了所有信息。是的，我觉得我们得到了。是的，你那吱吱作响的椅子，一切都很完美。哦，你不想稍微摇晃一下椅子吗？哦，实际上，这可能会有用。实际上，仅仅是为了混音的目的。好的，我会把另一把椅子推过来。是的，然后就用你的身体涂鸦。一个小舞蹈套路。哦，好的。

哦，是的。继续。哦。我想。是的。所以不要说任何话。只发出吱吱声。好的。这让我想起她在水下可能听到的声音。鲸鱼在交流。好的。没问题。我是贾德·阿布姆拉德。感谢收听。Radiolab 下周将再次与您见面。

嗨，我是大卫，来自马里兰州巴尔的摩。Radiolab 是由贾德·阿布姆拉德创建的，由索伦·惠勒编辑。露露·米勒和拉提夫·纳赛尔是我们的联合主持人。迪伦·基夫是我们的声音设计总监。我们的员工包括西蒙·阿德勒，杰里米·布卢姆，贝卡·布雷斯勒，W·哈里·福图纳，大卫·盖布尔，玛丽亚·帕兹-卡瓦利，

古铁雷斯，辛杜·尼亚南·桑班丹，马特·基尔提，安妮·麦基温，亚历克斯·尼森，瓦伦蒂娜·鲍尔斯，莎拉·卡里，莎拉·桑德巴克，阿里安·瓦克，帕特·沃尔特斯，和莫莉·韦伯斯特。我们的事实检查员是黛安·凯利，艾米莉·克里格，和纳塔莉·米德尔顿。

嗨，我是来自俄亥俄州克利夫兰的艾莉。Radiolab 科学节目的领导支持来自戈登和贝蒂·摩尔基金会，科学沙盒，一个西蒙斯基金会倡议，以及约翰·坦普尔顿基金会。Radiolab 的基础支持来自阿尔弗雷德·P·斯隆基金会。

自1924年WNYC首次广播以来，我们一直致力于创造我们知道世界需要的内容。除了这项获奖报道外，您的赞助还支持鼓舞人心的讲故事和非凡的音乐，这些都是免费的，人人可及。要联系并了解更多信息，请访问 sponsorship.wnyc.org。