When Carter called out America
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President Jimmy Carter lived long enough to imagine how he'd be remembered and then some.

He was the first president to make it to triple digits, but that's a weird accomplishment. Former peanut farmer comes up pretty quickly in all the obits. Kind of meh in office. Pretty much goat status post-presidency. And just about every obituary mentions one speech he gave. It wasn't an inauguration or a farewell or a State of the Union. Most people refer to it as the malaise speech, even though he never says the word.

Well, here was a president taking on the central issue of the problems of consumerism and pointing to Americans that something had to be changed in the way that they behaved on a daily basis. It is a crisis of confidence. It is a crisis that strikes at the very heart and soul and spirit of our national will. We're dedicating this whole episode of Today Explained to that one speech. Thumbtack presents the ins and outs of caring for your home.

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This is Today Explained. On a Sunday night in the summer of 1979, President Carter got on TV to speak to the country from the Oval Office. On Today Explained, we're going to look back at what he had to say with Kevin Mattson, a historian who wrote a whole book about that one speech. It felt worth Kevin's time and yours because that night, President Carter called out what many think of as a central pillar of American life. Capitalism.

Consumerism and the want of things was creating an unsustainable world. And the oil crisis was making that clear to people and staring them in the face. We can see this crisis in the growing doubt about the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of a unity of purpose for our nation. The erosion of our confidence in the future is threatening to destroy the social and the political fabric of America.

How many times have we heard a president in the past take on the selfishness of consumerism and say it's a significant problem for Americans? And the fact that he called individualism into question was, again, what made the speech exceptional. You usually don't use that line, you know, because Americans like to think of themselves as individuals. And here he was, you know, attacking that and showing his shortcomings. So I think that that's probably back to why Americans

I get more and more entranced in the content of the speech. I started wanting to kind of dig down deeper because I think I had never seen a president in the United States call into question the consumerist lifestyle that Americans are known for. Why have we not been able to get together as a nation to resolve our serious energy problem? It's clear that the true problems of our nation are much deeper than

deeper than gasoline lines or energy shortages, deeper even than inflation or recession. And I realized more than ever that as president, I need your help. It's July 15th, 1979. The thing that Carter just stated is pointing to something that's really disturbing to a lot of Americans, which are these long gas lines that are forming at gas stations.

Anger and bewilderment are growing as more and more Americans cope with gasoline lines and empty pumps. For millions of Americans, this may be the worst weekend they've ever faced for finding gasoline to give them the automobile freedom they take as their due. And what happens on these gas lines? People are getting in fistfights. There's a woman who puts...

these pillows up under her dress to make it look like she's pregnant so she could cut into the line and say, I need gas for me and my unborn child. And then these pillows fall out and people start to throw things at her. I mean, it's just total chaos. Gasoline shortages are spreading across the country. Odd even service, gasoline lines and closed gas stations are becoming increasingly common. One of the things that they would do at these gas lines is that the gas attendant would take a poster and say, last car and put it on the window of

where if they went past that, they would run out of gas. And people would jump into the cars, take the signs, put them back 25 spaces so that other people could get gas. And it was kind of like individualism coming to the fore in a really ugly way. I mean, the threats of violence, the actual violence, people just looking for their self-interest. I think that kind of was one of the key things that made Jimmy Carter really worry about individualism and consumerism is that it could lead to such awful fights that were...

being engaged in by normal, ordinary Americans. That's, I think, the foremost issue that's on Carter's mind that's happening in the streets of the country at this time. - You tell that goddamn governor he's gonna police this goddamn gasoline situation. I will not take the blame for this thing. I will not take the crap and the harassment from these customers. Now let him police it or stop selling gas. - I will soon submit legislation to Congress calling for the creation of this nation's first solar bank.

which will help us achieve the crucial goal of 20% of our energy coming from solar power.

by the year 2000. He did install solar panels on the White House, and I think it was kind of a practical thing. I mean, it would reduce energy costs, obviously, and reliance upon foreign oil. It reminds me also of an early episode in Jimmy Carter's presidency, and he's fairly famous for this, where he sits with a cardigan sweater with a fireplace next to him, and he basically says, turn down the thermostats because we're wasting energy. All of us

must learn to waste less energy. Simply by keeping our thermostats, for instance, at 65 degrees in the daytime and 55 degrees at night, we could save half the current shortage of natural gas.

It symbolized both, I'm the president of the United States, but I'm going to do something. He's doing stuff concretely in his own behavior. I mean, I can't read how Americans would respond to that, but I think they would think at least he's not a hypocrite. He's actually putting his money where his mouth is. And there's something to that that I think makes Jimmy Carter attractive as we look back upon both him and what's followed in his wake. This is not a message of happiness or reassurance.

But it is the truth and it is a warning. These changes did not happen overnight. They've come upon us gradually over the last generation. Years that were filled with shocks and tragedy. We were sure that ours was a nation of the ballot, not the bullet, until the murders of John Kennedy and Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. We were taught that our armies were always invincible and our causes were always just.

only to suffer the agony of Vietnam. We respected the presidency as a place of honor until the shock of Watergate. The distrust that he's, I think, talking about there amongst the general American public is really strong. And he's basically saying, we made mistakes.

I made mistakes. We're all making mistakes. Which again, shows the kind of radical nature of this speech is that he's sharing the blame. But he's also saying that things like Watergate and Vietnam, you can't just slough them off. They are things that leave a huge imprint on American political culture. So I think that there's a kind of growing distrust he's trying to address and trying to push back on. In a nation that was proud of hard work, strong families, close-knit communities,

And our faith in God, too many of us now tend to worship self-indulgence and consumption. Human identity is no longer defined by what one does, but by what one owns. But we've discovered that owning things and consuming things does not satisfy our longing for meaning.

He's got this mix of touting traditional values in contrast with the consumer culture that dominates at this time. To take that on, to put that front and center, saying essentially, you know, let's stop paying attention to all the scenes in the gas lines. Let's get beyond that sort of stuff and realize that there's something much deeper that's troubling. And that is a reliance upon consumer goods and trying to seek our own happiness out of all the things that we want to get. Yeah.

Keep in mind that Jimmy Carter was notorious for teaching Sunday school. He has a kind of minister's tone in some of these passages. But I don't think that he's just simply blaming or scolding the American people, because he prefaces everything with pointing out to his own faults. Usually people who are scolding don't say, "I'm also a part of the problem." We can manage the short-term shortages more effectively, and we will. But there are no short-term solutions

to our long-range problems. There is simply no way to avoid sacrifice.

We're going to have to sacrifice. I think that's the bottom line is what Carter is saying. And he's calling people back to sacrifice. And he's saying, you know, there are things we can do in our day-to-day lives. We can turn down the thermostat. We can try not to drive our cars everywhere we go. I think that he sees a way to get back to a better place, but it's going to take sacrifices. It's going to take people doing something in their ordinary lives. And that's, again, a rarity. I think that, you know,

Where do we see our government actually interacting with ordinary citizens to actually push through a policy that includes, at least in part, sacrifice and living within one's means? I do not promise you that this struggle for freedom will be easy. I do not promise a quick way out of our nation's problems when the truth is that the only way out is an all-out effort. What I do promise you

He said, I will lead our fight and I will enforce fairness in our struggle and I will ensure honesty. And above all, I will act honestly.

You can really hear the war language there, you know, mobilize, I'll be your leader, but we have to sacrifice and pay attention to one another. What he wants to aim for is to build a kind of simpler society, maybe one where consumption wasn't so widespread and taking things over. But also at the same time, it's got to push back against our over-reliance upon foreign sources of oil. We know the strength of America. We are strong.

He doesn't make it seem like that tall an order, though he's probably throwing out ideas that are very foreign to the American people.

I think that that has to just be called a contradiction. I mean, the speech opens up with such a long treatment of all the problems that the country faced historically. To turn it around on the kind of optimistic note, if anything, that's the part in the speech that every time I read it, I'm like, you know, you've set out a pretty difficult course to chart. And to just kind of slough it off and say, well, we have the confidence, we can do it, we've done it before.

I think that's the part of the speech, at least for myself, that rings slightly hollow. With God's help and for the sake of our nation, it is time for us to join hands in America. Let us commit ourselves together to a rebirth of the American spirit. Working together with our common faith, we cannot fail. Thank you and good night.

When Today Explained returns, Kevin's going to tell us how this speech helped sink Jimmy's chance at a second term. Weight loss. It needs to be fast and sustainable. Noom GLP-1 starts at just $149 and ships to your door in seven days. Take it from Marcos, who's loving his journey with Noom GLP-1.

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Why do so many of us get happiness wrong? And how can we start to get it right? I mean, I think we assume that happiness is about positive emotion, awe and awe all the time, right? Often very high arousal positive emotion, but that's not really what we're talking about. I'm Preet Bharara, and this week, Dr. Laurie Santos joins me on my podcast, Stay Tuned with Preet, to discuss the science behind happiness.

We explore job crafting, the parenting paradox, the arrival fallacy, and why acts of kindness might be the simplest path to fulfillment. The episode is out now. Search and follow Stay Tuned with Preet wherever you get your podcasts. I'm in a line two hours in. I can't get gas. This is baloney. Carter doesn't get my vote next year. Kevin Mattson, you wrote a whole book about Jimmy Carter's crisis of confidence speech.

Tell us, how did Americans respond to this speech in the days and weeks after it was given? There is a whole slew of letters in the Carter Library, and all of them basically say, I'm going to do something. I'm going to take your lead, and with that language of war, I'm going to take your lead, and I'm going to do something basic to my everyday life. I'm going to walk to work. I'm going to bicycle. I'm going to do all these things that are going to help us get through this energy crisis.

And the speech boosts Carter's polling by about 10%. People react favorably and say, yeah, I'm ready to do this. I'm ready to join in. I want to be a part of the cause. Of course, this speech becomes known as Carter's malaise speech because it becomes a political cudgel against him. Yeah, that's right. I mean, 10 days or so later after giving the speech, Jimmy Carter fires his entire cabinet.

And it's much to the shock of people who are saying, wait, what's this all about? He's projecting now a style of being like disorganized. So his polls dropped down. So he's got like, you know, maybe about 10 days in which the poll numbers are looking good. And then suddenly they crash.

And it's a person who's basically an advisor to Ronald Reagan, Richard Werthlin, who's Reagan's pollster. And he said at the moment, I knew once the speech was given that we were going to win in 1980 and that Ronald Reagan was going to beat Jimmy Carter because he

People don't like to hear about malaise. They want a leader who projects a much more happy sort of style, which Reagan obviously did terribly well. For the first time in our memory, many Americans are asking, does history still have a place for America, for her people, for her great ideals? There are some who answer no, that our energy is spent, our days of greatness at an end, that a great national malaise is upon us.

They say we must cut our expectations, conserve and withdraw, that we must tell our children not to dream as we once dreamed.

They want a leader who projects a much more happy sort of style, which Reagan obviously did terribly well. And they don't want to be scolded. They don't want to be told what's wrong with them. And Reagan starts to build this thing where he's saying there's nothing wrong with the American people. The problem is with the leadership. Now, it's not just Reagan. He's facing opposition from Ted Kennedy. We're facing the fact that Mr. Carter,

will not come out of that White House or the Rose Garden, but we're going to get them out of that White House and the Rose Garden. Kennedy basically says something similar to Ronald Reagan. You know, the American people should not be blamed for their problems. We need better leadership than that. So Carter gets kind of nailed on both sides of the political spectrum. And that's where Carter just sinks. There's no going back at that point in time. And obviously the election is not too far off where he does take a pretty big hit and loses the White House.

The people of the United States have made their choice. And of course, I accept that decision. But I have to admit, not with the same enthusiasm that I accepted the decision four years ago. I was just a wee lad when Reagan was in office. But whenever I read about Reagan's tenure or see or hear footage from his speeches, his campaign rallies, it feels like his entire vibe was one of, you know, unquestioning love of country, like a

Confidence without crisis, but not the kind of confidence Carter was calling for in his speech. Is that sort of a tragic irony of his presidency that he's followed by this guy who exudes this immense confidence, but without any of the introspection that Jimmy Carter was calling for in this moment?

Absolutely. Reagan's the president who calls Vietnam an honorable cause. And it's Reagan who projects the kind of smiley face politics that I think makes him leap to the front. Actually, in the Carter Library are the solar panels that Ronald Reagan ripped down from the White House. Reagan represents the make-believe idea that there really is no energy crisis. There's nothing wrong. We can continue to rely upon foreign sources of oil. We can drill in the Arctic refuge or wherever. That sort of

Easy hopefulness is, I think, what defines Ronald Reagan. Did any of that make Carter regret giving this speech? Did he ever end up feeling like he made a bad call in asking Americans to sort of change their behavior, change their goals in life even? I don't think Carter ever did.

regretted giving the speech. He did regret the cabinet firings. He did say, I remember in his memoirs, that that was a big mistake. But the speech itself, no, I think he'd stand by it. I think he would say, I basically...

did what I should have done. And I got badly injured because I had people on the different ends of the political spectrum attacking me in the same ways. And I had the mainstream press basically saying that I had made a big mistake. And that's also where you start to hear the term that's never used in the speech malaise being used is in magazine articles that cover the speech.

Does he continue to address this crisis of confidence once he leaves the White House? Basically, what he says at one point in time is that if I have to become a citizen again, I'm fine with that. I will lay down my official responsibilities in this office to take up once more the only title in our democracy superior to that of president, the title of citizen.

his life after losing was full of public service. I mean, he's probably the president who's done the most on public service running down the chain of presidents. I'm not hitting upon anyone who I think really honestly took up the role of a citizen in improving his society other than Jimmy Carter. We've built almost 5,000 houses now. It's been one of the most gratifying and

and challenging and difficult things we've ever done. - Habitat for Humanity, a lot of the universal human rights activities that he's been involved in, I think they showed to him that there's a role for politicians to play in legislating and stuff like that, but citizens have a responsibility to doing work that might be even more important,

which is caring for one another, having solidarity with others, sacrificing on the ground. He was not being dishonest when he said, OK, I'll be a citizen instead of the president. Do you think the speech was just

way too ahead of its time. I mean, this is Jimmy Carter almost 50 years ago talking about how we need to get America off of, you know, OPEC dependence and install solar panels across the country and how it's going to be expensive. But, you know, it's going to be an investment in American energy and American jobs. It's exactly the kind of thing you hear Joe Biden saying. For too long, we've failed to use the most important word.

when it comes to meeting the climate crisis. Jobs. Jobs. Jobs. Was he just way too early for this country? Was he way too ahead of the curve?

Probably. There's an element of where he's far ahead of his time and that perhaps we're seeing a kind of reenactment. Although, you know, the other obvious thing is that we're so much more polarized now than we were when Jimmy Carter gave the speech. I mean, this is still the time in which Carter could, you know, talk to Republicans and be on a good basis with them. And we're the kind of public...

at least in terms of partisanship, hasn't gotten out of whack the way it has today. Do you think this crisis of confidence Jimmy Carter wanted to talk about in this speech is still being faced by Americans today? I think so. The reason that I wrote the book was because I found that my undergraduates who read it for the first time were so...

by the spirit behind it and that they wish that they had a president in their own day and age, and this was during the reign of George W. Bush, that they wish they had a president who told the truth, who was honest, who was forthcoming, who called people to action. I think that for sure there are people who are yearning for getting around all the polarization, confronting problems seriously, and finding some sense of unity in a process of self-sacrifice. Now, I say that with a...

cautionary tone because I was alarmed at how with the pandemic, Americans' individualism came out again in full force, right? You can't force me to do something that's for the collective good. That makes me wonder how much we still have any of the kind of spirit that sits behind the speech.

Kevin Mattson is the author of What the Heck Are You Up To, Mr. President? Jimmy Carter, America's Malaise, and the Speech That Should Have Changed the Country. Find it. Read it. I'm Sean Ramos-Firm. Our episode today was edited by Matthew Collette and Miranda Kennedy.

produced by Jillian Weinberger, mixed by Paul Robert Mounsey and Rob Byers, fact-checked by Serena Solon and Laura Bullard. Some of them are missed, some of them are still here. Happy New Year, or just New Year, if you're not happy about it. Today Explained will be back and ready for whatever's coming on January 2nd.