56. Why Is Academic Writing So Bad?
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From Freakonomics Radio, a series about the economics of higher education. The supply and the demand, the controversies and the hypocrisies, the answers and the questions. Why are more women going to college than men? What happens when Black and Hispanic students lose admissions advantages? How does the marketplace for higher education operate?

Hi, tell you something. It's a darn good question. Freakonomics Radio goes back to school. A series from the Freakonomics Radio podcast. We love our work very much. We're work lovers. Just say it.

I'm Angela Duckworth. I'm Stephen Dubner. And you're listening to No Stupid Questions. Today on the show, why is academic writing so bad? Why don't we turn it into a Mad Libs? All you have to do is drop down menus and fill in the blank. Also, what does your perfect day look like? And what's preventing you from having more of them? It's sunny and 77 degrees today, going up from a high of 76 yesterday. And it's sunny and sunny and sunny and sunny.

Angela, we have a listener question from one David Bowling. Here is my question, David writes. Why is academic writing so bad? Part of the answer, he writes, must be that the incentives make it bad. That is to gain tenure and to get published in academic journals. One is rewarded for the denseness of one's writing, not whether it can be easily understood. Also, conciseness and clarity are not rewarded. Rather, they are penalized. Is conciseness a word? I think conciseness

conciseness is a word, but it's not the most concise of words, is it? I was thinking it was concision somehow. I feel like we should be able to do it in fewer than three syllables. All right. Anyway, let's assume that conciseness is a word and move on. David Bowling continues. How did this come to be? Has it always been like this or is this a recent development? Is it possible to change the incentives so that the good research is rewarded and bad writing is not? Is there any current effort to change the incentives? Wow. David Bowling has a lot of questions. I like him.

It is sad, he concludes, that those who work in the world of ideas frequently convey those ideas poorly. But if they are simply responding to the incentives, it's hard to blame them. Thank you for considering my question, exclamation point. Should be questions with many S's.

Angela, I have to say, these are not questions that I have not personally considered myself. And I'm curious if these are questions that you have considered as well. I, too, have wondered, how can it be this bad? Is it intentional? Are authors in scholarly publications deliberately covering up the two or three things they have to share in pages and pages of inscrutable prose for a reason?

Or is it an accident? Like, what's going on here? And I have a few thoughts on this. I love the river you're going to send us down right now. But...

I just feel like in the interest of fairness, we should question whether the question itself is merited. Like, is it that bad? Is it that bad? Yeah. OK. I mean, look, I don't want to exaggerate. And actually, there are always wonderful articles. But contemporary academic writing is often shockingly bad. Even scientists have themselves written about how bad scientific writing is.

Has anybody ever made a significant effort to measure it? You know, there are all these readability scales, like this book was written to be read ideally by a fifth grader versus this book was written to be read ideally by someone who speaks English as if badly translated from Croatian. I don't.

know whether if you took, for example, science and nature articles and ran them through the Microsoft Word program for like, what is the average reading level? I don't know what you would get. My guess is that because there are technical terms specific to a field that you might get like a very high reading level. But I think a more intuitive thing would just be if anybody wants to know the answer to a question, they typically go to Google. But I'm always encouraging people to enter the exact same search phrase into Google Scholar.

And when you do that, you draw up academic articles. And though the majority of the text is behind a paywall that you don't want to pay to get over. $900 for every article, for instance. You're like, I no way had that much curiosity about that question. But almost always the title and the abstract are in front of the paywall and all

All you have to do is read the titles and abstracts of a handful of papers that address a question that you had. And you will, I think, immediately agree with David. You would save yourself by saying, like, I don't want to read something that's written so poorly. If this is the abstract, imagine how bad the rest of the article might be. So when you talk about things that are published in, for instance, Nature or Science, those are journals that.

Where there are editors who are collaborating with the academic authors to make it more readable for a more mainstream audience, correct? Correct. Nature and science are the crown jewels. That's what every scientist wants to publish in. So the writing in those elite, elite journals can be quite concise. Though the claim here is that much of scientific writing, which of course almost

almost entirely takes place by definition outside of the uppermost echelon can be extremely poor. I am a scientist, so I'm acquainted with scientific writing, but my daughter, Lucy, the younger daughter, she had to take this comparative literature class and she had to delve into things that are not scientific articles, but they're still scholarly articles. And just peering over her shoulder at the academic writing, I was like, oh,

Oh, my God, that's really bad. I thought we had problems, but I feel ironically in the humanities, there might be deeper problems with what seems to be either deliberately obscure or just accidentally awful writing. Look, here's a target that even you as an academic have found is a gigantic target and easy to shoot arrows at.

I want to maybe get to a slightly different position. Do you disagree with me? I guess I have a complicated relationship to this question. First of all, I'm really glad that most of the writing by academics is terrible. Why? It gives me a livelihood. A great deal of the writing and talking about writing and talking about research that I've done over the past 10 or 15 years has been trashed.

essentially academic writing into English. You know, you'll often read a paper, whether it's psychology or for me more often economics, and it might be a 40, 50 page paper with a lot of math in it in the case of the econ, a lot of theory, a lot of prior references that are plainly not meant to be read like a lay person would read something. And very often there's one small

But really interesting idea within that. And then what I try to do is take that idea, pull it out, and then surround it with explanation and questions. So for me, if all academic researchers were really good writers, I don't know what I'd be doing. I don't know where that next mortgage payment would be coming from. Yeah, I'd be shining shoes at very best. So it's a good thing for me. And by the way, this podcast has...

has a grotesquely high share of PhDs and other academics among our listeners. We mean that everybody else's writing is terrible, but not yours. No, I'm sure the people who listen to this are also terrible writers. I just want to say we're really preaching to either the choir or the opposite of a choir. But David asked the question, why is it bad? What are the incentives? And I guess the way I would put the question to you is,

Is it the incentives that create bad writing or is it, and this is me trying to be a little bit more generous to academics, is it that the kind of people who write academic papers are the kind of people, comma, often brilliant, comma, who spend most of their resources and capital and time pursuing that brilliance in their chosen discipline, right?

and simply don't feel it's a smart investment to become a good writer. And why should they? I mean, if I think of myself as a good writer, am I also supposed to be a good mathematician? So that's where I think this gets a little bit nuanced and interesting. What you're asking is...

Is it skill or will? If it's an incentive or motivation problem, that suggests that scientists could easily write with the fluency of a New Yorker writer, but choose not to mount the effort to do so because they're not properly incentivized or even disincentivized.

And that's one possibility. A non-mutually exclusive alternative is it's really hard to write so people can understand you. And more than that, to evoke some kind of emotion or to have a little style and verve. Now, they're related because if you're not motivated to improve your skill, that's a combination of those things. But I think there's both things going on.

High quality writing is always valued. I think it is increasingly valued in scientific publications, but it is not the number one priority of a scientist. And if you are a physicist...

or a bioengineer, or even an economist or a psychologist, your number one job is to discover something in your field. And somewhere on the list, but not number one, is to communicate that with eloquence. And the paper that results from that research, in some weird ways, it is the end goal because disseminating the idea is really important. But the writing of the paper, the actual construction of the communication of the research is

I think is pretty far down the list of desires of most academic researchers. It's not why you went into science. You didn't go into science so you could work on crafting a really compelling introduction section. You went to science to discover something about the thing that you're a scientist of.

In fact, I have a colleague named Sidney DeMello. He's a psychologist. He's also a computer scientist. And I guess in computer science and the journals that he publishes in, you just straightforwardly report what you found. And he was suggesting that perhaps really the way that academic publications ought to be built is not like, hey, here's a blank piece of paper.

build a beautiful essay, but almost like a short answer, like, what did you study? What was your hypothesis? What was the sample? Fill in the blanks. Would you like to see more of that as an academic psychologist in psychology journals? I am of two minds. I think that the ability to do good scientific research is not strongly correlated with the ability to communicate it. Therefore, there are a lot of

important scientific discoveries that never actually get to see the light of day because the poor scientist who discovered them wasn't a great writer. So part of me says, why don't we turn it into a Mad Libs? And as a scientist, all you have to do is drop down menus and fill in the blanks.

Startling connection between jeans and... Yes, exactly. Toilet seat. Fart. Wait, what kind of research are we talking about here? No, I was just talking about my own personal style of filling in Mad Libs. There is a lot of very interesting research into flatulence. But we digress. Just barely. Yeah, just a bit. So I think there could be a kind of Mad Libs style journal. I'm not buying that. I'm sorry. Because? Because...

Look, people who write these papers for journals, they're writing for each other. They're not writing for me. And since they're writing for their peers, there really is a different language or at least a different vocabulary. I can't believe I'm defending this tribe. But that's where I feel the question is a little bit unfair, because I think you need to distinguish between academic writing that's meant for other academics to communicate the ideas in a language that's

that they will plainly understand because they are peers and academic writing that tries to communicate to the broader public. And that's where I think the problem lies is when you have academic researchers writing an op-ed piece or a book or for a more mainstream publication, that's where you find that many academics just aren't very good writers. And yet I would still excuse that by the fact that they've spent their human capital doing what they're good at,

And they haven't spent it on becoming good writers. I agree. I would rather have a physicist be a great physicist than a mediocre writer. The question is, what does it take to be a clear writer? And I don't think it's...

so hard that it would be impossible for a great physicist or labor economist or anyone else to be. Says the psychologist who happens to be a really good writer. Thank you. When I first got to graduate school, my advisor, Marty Seligman, he gave me something that he wrote, but I don't think he ever published. And

And it was called simply Good Scientific Writing. And it was just a few pages long. And at the top, it said, I've been correcting graduate student papers and editing journal articles for more than 25 years. I see the same errors of writing over and over. Here are some to avoid.

And then it's like the strunk and white of scientific writing. So number one, they can lead sentences. The first sentences of each section and the first sentences of each paragraph as well are the most important sentences. They should state in plain English your main points. Then the details can follow.

And then he has one right example and then one wrong example. So I'll just read you this one. Right. Results. Cognitive therapy prevented relapse better than drug therapy. Drug therapy did better than no therapy at all. Okay, nice. Wrong. Results. We performed four analyses of covariance in our data, first transforming them to Z-scores. We then did pair comparisons using a Bonferroni correction. Okay, that was enormously helpful to me.

to read before I put pen to paper for my very first scientific article. Would it be too much to ask that other scientists also learn these basic principles before they put pen to paper? I am a little curious whether you personally were more receptive to that advice because you are the kind of person who wanted to be a good communicator of your research and

and even to be a popularizer. I think among many people, not just academics,

There is this perceived inverse correlation between plain spokenness and intelligence. Meaning that the fancier my language, the more you think I'm a smarty pants? Exactly. So if you want to sound smart, speak with complexity and a lot of jargon. Now, I would argue that there probably isn't that much relation between true intelligence and communicating with

deep complexity. Richard Feynman, for instance, who was a physicist, one of my favorite scientists because he communicated well. So well. He was very smart and he spoke very plainly and explained things very well. Daniel Oppenheimer, who is one of my favorite psychologists, he's at Carnegie Mellon University. He has this paper that's about this very question. When we read somebody's writing and it's got all these fancy words with

lots of syllables and hyphens like, ooh, this is really hard to understand. Do we think that the author is smarter than we are or

or stupider than we are. This is the title of the paper. Consequences of erudite vernacular utilized irrespective of necessity, colon, problems with using long words needlessly. And in fact, what Danny finds is that the more complex the text, the less we think that the author was a smarty pants. And so we are doing ourselves stupid

damage reputationally while also just spreading bad writing in the world by doing that. You know what I say to my students? I say to them, write like Hemingway, not like Faulkner. Like, the man saw a fish and the fish was good. Jack and Jill ran up the hill. Those are beautiful sentences and they cannot easily be improved.

I didn't know Hemingway wrote Jack and Jill. That makes a lot of sense. And I totally embrace your point, but I think that there's a fear that it will lead to oversimplification and a dismissal of the nuance that might ultimately undercut the value of the research. And I think that's a legitimate concern.

I agree. You can see that critics, and there are many who say that when you give a TED Talk, when you write a popular book, when you pen an op-ed in the New York Times, and you don't go into the moderators, the caveat, the boundary conditions, the confidence intervals, that there's something that's very irresponsible because we're kind of reducing to a soundbite in that in this perspective,

particular case, something is worse than nothing. So those are two sides of the argument about communicating in a simple, plain way. And I can see the value in both sides, but

But I think you can communicate that your idea or theory is not foolproof without listing the caveats and exceptions in great, great detail so much that they obscure your main point. But by using words that do that. Give me an example. We find that giving cash transfers to this population is disproportionately likely to lead to success. You know, that's not the most beautiful way to put it, but we're saying that it helps.

But we're not saying that this is the one and the only solution. So I

I think that the writing could be much, much, much better and still be appropriately obscure to count as valuable among your peers. I will say this to my fellow academics. Writing is hard for everyone, including me. And I think there's two things that we could do. One is what my high school English teacher told me to do, which is to read our writing out loud. For example, I say to my students, if you are reading a sentence,

And you have to draw a breath mid-sentence so as not to asphyxiate. That sentence is too long. And the other thing is the curse of knowledge. I think one of the challenges that I see when graduate students or professors even give a talk, they start slinging the acronyms left and right, and they're using terminology. They'll drop names without any explanation of who these people were. Now, that

is probably partly because you are speaking to people who know the same things that you do in part. But the curse of knowledge is the difficulty that human beings have imagining that somebody else might have a slightly different knowledge base. And so I think when you're giving a talk, even to your peers, you shouldn't assume that they know the same acronyms, that they know the same literature, that they know the same authors. In fact, I will say to my students, pretend you're giving this talk to my mother. She's a very smart woman.

She has no training in science. She's very curious. But if she can't understand your talk, then you shouldn't be giving that talk to anybody else either. So here's where I really land. My message to you, Angela, is to tell all your fellow academics, all the psychologists and neuroscientists and anthropologists, even the comparative literature people and the computer scientists and mathematicians, especially the economists, that

Just keep doing exactly what you're doing, because otherwise they'll all put me out of a job. OK, I will spread the word like a dentist who encourages people to drink soda and chew sugary gum. That's me. You would like them to keep writing exactly as they are. But that occasionally I'll pretend to defend them in a podcast.

Still to come on No Stupid Questions, Stephen and Angela discuss how to measure a perfect day. I'm literally just lying around on this lounge chair drinking an iced coffee. No Stupid Questions is sponsored by Rosetta Stone. Traveling to a place where people don't speak a lot of English? Then Rosetta Stone, one of the most trusted language learning programs, is for you.

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Stephen, simple question for you. What's your perfect day and what's preventing you from having more of them? Ooh, what a delightful and impossible question. So I'm guessing for starters that there's a huge variance in what people consider the perfect day. So my perfect day would probably be wildly unappealing.

Now I'm really curious. Describe it for me.

Then I feel I can wake up with a vengeance and have the appropriate level of enthusiasm and optimism. One answer would be that my perfect day would be not having to do anything I don't want to do. But also that would mean having almost nothing to do. An empty calendar, no meetings, no doctor's appointments, no difficult problems or conversations. What would you do on a day where you had nothing to do? Okay, so maybe this is slightly paradoxical.

But my perfect day would be wide open, but something large and even difficult to accomplish. A piece of writing, for instance. So if there is an episode of Freak Radio or a book chapter, I love the writing part. I love being alone. I love that deep focus. I'm guessing for most people, that is not their idea of a perfect day. I think it's like the weather. Some people like perfect weather, like San Diego. Me, no.

I would enjoy the first 36 hours of that steady sunshine and I'd say, hey. Hey, where's the rain and wind and sleet? Throw in some hail. Can you imagine being a meteorologist in San Diego? It's sunny and 77 degrees today, going up from a high of 76 yesterday, but tomorrow back down to 76 and sunny. So yeah, I like variety. So let me just get this straight.

picture in my head. You wake up from a good night's sleep. Everybody that you care about is fine. You look at your calendar. Miraculously, there's nothing on it at all. You have a big project that you're working on that's going to take a lot of editing and writing that you will do in solitude. That sounds like prison, but yeah. Yeah, I know. I'm starting to describe solitary confinement. A little worried about you, Steven. I guess what I'm discovering is that I like segmentation. I

I like variety. The perfect day would probably be really, really hard and good work that feels good with a fair amount of family stuff, but only when my family's being very nice.

Maybe a little golf would help make the perfect day. Or playing some backgammon with a friend. Those are like the comfortable, predictable things. But often it's the things that you don't anticipate. You meet someone, you learn some new idea, and then that feels honestly even better than the

predictable San Diego type perfect day. You want some surprises. Some serendipity. Don't you think? I mean, let's get on to you. What's your perfect day and how much variance is there from perfect day to perfect day? I

I would say a perfect day is I wake up from a miraculously and uncharacteristically awesome night's sleep. That almost never happens for you, unfortunately, right? It really doesn't. And in this idealistic picture of my life, I spring out of bed completely well-rested. I have a really great cup of coffee. I am not sure whether it has sugar in it or not on a perfect day. I...

have a great yoga session or a swim in the pool or a run. Interestingly, when I think about a perfect day, I remember growing up, my dad used to fantasize constantly about what it would be like after he retired and how for him a perfect day would be quote unquote having nothing to do. And then how did he actually enjoy having nothing to do? Oh my gosh. If you talk to my mom, my dad was at his

lowest of lows in the years right after he retired and he had nothing to do. Maybe that is influencing my own thinking here, but I do not want to have nothing to do ever. So I'm going to add into my perfect day work. I just assumed that was for both of us. I know. I think some people would be wondering why the heck we would put work in a perfect day. You know, I did look at some Pew research data on this. When Americans are surveyed

on what gives them a deep sense of meaning, which is not perfectly equivalent to the perfect day. But the...

the most common answer, not surprisingly, is family. And, you know, you could ask whether people say that to a surveyor because they think they're supposed to say it and whether they really believe it. But let's assume that that's actually true. But number two was career. And number three was money. So those both beat out categories like spirituality and friends and activities and hobbies.

Which is curious to me, and I have a feeling that if those data were gathered in a country very different from the U.S., you would find very different answers. So I think that while you and I may be a little bit of outliers in that work is pretty central to what we love…

There are probably more American outliers than there are outliers in fill-in-the-blank, you know, less crazy country than the U.S. Well, as we have previously discussed, we, each of us, love our work very much. We're work lovers. Just say it. We're work lovers, exactly. But I think it's also generally true, not just of Americans, but at least I'm told by my clinical psychology colleagues, when people struggle with anxiety or with depression, that they're less afflicted when they are suffering

in the middle of a workday. It's often when you have, quote unquote, nothing to do that the demons really start nipping at you. And is that purely because your mind is occupied with your work tasks? I think that it is that your attention is absorbed in a productive activity. So depressed people should just work 24 hours a day, plainly. Well, that would be probably taking it

far. However, I do think that actually working as opposed to like, oh, I'm not feeling that great about life. I think I'll just stay home. That would be worse. I also think that there is some relevance here of that finding by Dan Gilbert and Matt Killingsworth that when your mind is wandering, you're actually less happy and

Now, this is correlational data, but they do the analysis such that I don't know if you know this technique, the experience sampling method where you kind of beep somebody randomly. How do you do that? I've heard a little bit about that. You get a set of people who agree to be surveyed by researchers.

That's the first step. And how does that even happen? Well, very often you're paying people to be part of a research study or you're getting a very unusual sample, like somebody who actually wants to be pinged several times throughout the day, constantly for days and weeks. But in these studies, this

And I'm not expected to say, well, you know, at about 2,500.

Right. You can't remember. Either you overestimate or you underestimate. So this is the momentary sampling of experience. So if you look at data from these ESM studies, experience sampling method studies, then you can get a picture of the experience.

a picture of what makes a perfect day or at least a better day for some people. And to the point about work being a salvation for many of us, it is characteristic that when we are in a mind-wandering state, we're not doing something goal-directed. We actually are less happy than when we are engaged in something which is goal-directed. Yeah, but I think that's different than loving your work because, yes, if your work requires you to be focused on

on your tasks, then your mind is not wandering. And maybe that encourages a better baseline level of satisfaction or whatnot. But we also know from a lot of data that many, many, many people really, really don't like their work. Right. Mind wandering in the sense that you're not doing something which is goal directed.

might not feel so good, but that's not exactly the same thing as being at work anyway. Your mind can certainly wander while you're at work. There's a different technique that's been used to look at how people feel during their day. And that is something that Danny Kahneman helped to invent. It's called day reconstruction. And that comes to a different finding. So I'll tell you the finding first.

And then I'll tell you what day reconstruction is. So the finding is that working is really pretty low down on the list of daily activities. I think sex was number one, wasn't it? For making you feel good. Right. Well, in the report, they call it intimate relations. But assuming that that's what it is, then, yeah, that was the highest rated in terms of positive emotion. And then work was at the very bottom only beat out by commuting to work. By the way, that was below housework. Right.

So the day reconstruction method is that you take the last 24 hours. And if you're in a study like this, you have to divide it into episodes. I don't have to tell you what I was doing at every minute of the day, but I could say like, oh, from 1 to 2.30, I was in a meeting with Stephen Dubner. And then at 2.30, I decided to take a walk. And then you assign to each episode ratings of how happy were you? How worried were you? You can sign ratings on all kinds of dimensions.

And the innovation of this method was that without having to do the very invasive, time-consuming, expensive experience, you could still get a little closer to momentary experience. And it would still, in theory, beat out a questionnaire that said, Stephen, in general, how often do you experience happy feelings? So when

when we talk about work as a part of our satisfaction and so on, it does make me think that we all live in a certain kind of silo to some degree. And you could argue that our days are shaped much less by ourselves than we think and more by our circumstances. Karl Marx famously argued that capitalism is a definite mode of life that shapes our relationships. It shapes everything, our sense of ourselves, our

our capacities. I'm reading a little bit from a book by Alison Cole and Estelle Ferrer race called How Capitalism Forms Our Lives.

Marx's argument was that everything that we think about our self-identity, what we're able to do, what we like to do, the actions we actually take in the material world, etc., are shaped by forces way beyond us. And so many people think about the perfect day in terms of productivity. How much did I get done today? Can I do even more tomorrow? And I certainly think

fall prey to that because I do feel that accomplishment is a really important goal and that it feels good. And therefore, we often pursue it, perhaps at the expense of other things that might make us feel a little bit perfect also. Do you ever get a yearning for a little bit less accomplishment that might somehow make you feel happier?

I mean, I don't know whether it's because I grew up in a capitalist society, according to a Marxian analysis or not, but it's so high up on my list of things that make me feel good being productive that usually over the summer pandemic, maybe as the exception, my family goes down the shore, as we say, in the greater Philadelphia area, meaning like we go to a beach town. And when we go down the shore, I remember specifically

having this experience like I'm doing what you're supposed to do, which is nothing like I'm sitting there and drinking iced coffee. And you were just going nuts, weren't you? Well, I was looking at the young men and women who were running around madly serving everybody their drinks and cleaning up their tables and picking food off the floor. And I remember saying to my husband, you know what? I'd rather be them.

And he thought that was disturbing. It was like, you really need a vacation. But I was like, no, I would rather be running around and getting stuff done. What am I doing? I'm literally just lying around on this lounge chair drinking an iced coffee. Right. So the second part of your question after what's my perfect day, the second part was what's preventing me from having more of these. So after this conversation, you

I think I'm confused because I do feel there are a couple conflicts here. On the one hand, I'd want to say, well, more variety because sameness gets old. I'd also want to say even fewer obligations because I don't like obligations.

But I feel like those are all too self-directed. I guess this goes to the saying that you've taught me, which is there are things you want and there are things you want to want. And I want to want to have a different kind of perfect day where I do interact with people more and maybe spend more time just helping people, supporting

spend time focusing on kindness and gratitude and all those good sounding things. But I don't do all that much of those. I mean, I don't think I'm a monster. Maybe I'm a small monster. I'm still hanging out with you. But that may just be because you're generous beyond compare and that you're the only person that could stand to do this. I don't think that you're any different than anyone else, which is to say that there's a version of a perfect day, which is your first intuitive system one response.

And then you start to reflect on it a little bit. You're like, well, what do I want to want? What do I wish I had said for my perfect day? And for me, I'm not sure there's a huge difference between what I want in a perfect day versus what I want to want. But there's some difference. And I'll say that in a perfect day, I would stick in a few completely selfish hedonic pleasures. You also said yoga or swimming, which are not quite pure hedonic. But I didn't hear you making sandwiches for the homeless shelter.

I was not making sandwiches for the homeless in my perfect day. That is true. However, I think of my work as being, I hope, generally net value for humanity. See, I tell myself that too all the time. You tell yourself that lie all the time. When I think about how I should be a better, kinder person, a more helpful person, I think I should do things directly. But then I say, well, wait a minute.

A lot of people hear or read this piece. I do. I am giving all those good people the ammunition to go and do actual good, important things. So I sort of justify my own fairly selfish behavior by thinking that, well, it's okay because this is all I'm capable of doing. And it's all those other good people out there who are going to make their perfect day much more substantial and meaningful than mine.

I'm generally okay with that.

I think that's a good one and I hope it doesn't sound too smug, but I don't feel like there's a whole lot of daylight as it were between my perfect day and my actual day. I'm happy to hear that. I guess I would just say that my perfect day as I think about it going forward would necessarily include spending time with

cogitating on what the perfect day might be while knowing full well there is no such thing but doing it with someone that I happen to like and that's you and I don't like that many people so glad you showed up today. It was a perfect conversation.

No Stupid Questions is part of the Freakonomics Radio Network, which also includes Freakonomics Radio, People I Mostly Admire, and the Freakonomics Radio Book Club. This episode was produced by me, Rebecca Lee Douglas. And now here's a fact check of today's conversations.

At the beginning of the conversation about academic writing, Stephen and Angela debate the noun form of the word concise. Stephen thinks it should be concision, but listener David uses conciseness in his email. It's actually both. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, conciseness is, in fact, a noun meaning brevity or terseness, and concision is its perfect synonym.

Later, Stephen jokes that scientific journals charge $900 per article. He was slightly off. According to the Duke University Library, 59 of the 100 most highly cited articles ever published are behind a paywall, and the average cost of one of those articles for an unaffiliated researcher is $33.41. But often, earlier versions of paywall papers are publicly available. You can also directly email the study's author.

The money earned by those paywalls doesn't go to researchers, and they may send you their paper for free if you ask nicely. Also, many academics link to PDFs of their research on their university webpages. So fret not. If you're cheap but patient, it's still pretty likely that you'll be able to access whatever convoluted content you're interested in.

Finally, Angela references a set of guidelines for good scientific writing by her former PhD advisor, Martin Seligman. She didn't think that Seligman had ever published the piece, but

but fortunately, it's available on the University of Pennsylvania's website. The guidelines are an appendix to a 1991 piece by Seligman's University of Pennsylvania colleague, psychologist Jonathan Barron. The full article is titled, How to Write a Research Report in Psychology. We'll link to it in our show notes on the Freakonomics Radio website. No paywall. That's it for the Fact Check.

No Stupid Questions is produced by Freakonomics Radio and Stitcher. Our staff includes Allison Craiglow, Greg Rippin, Mark McCluskey, James Foster, Joel Meyer, Trisha Boveda, Zach Lipinski, Mary DeDuke, Brent Katz, Morgan Levy, and

Emma Terrell, Lyric Bowditch, Jasmine Klinger, and Jacob Clemente. Our theme song is And She Was by Talking Heads. Special thanks to David Byrne and Warner Chapel Music. If you'd like to listen to the show ad-free, subscribe to Stitcher Premium. You can also follow us on Twitter at NSQ underscore show and on Facebook at NSQ show. If you have a question for a future episode, please email it to NSQ at Freakonomics.com.

And if you heard Stephen or Angela reference a study, an expert, or a book that you'd like to learn more about, you can check out Freakonomics.com slash NSQ, where we link to all of the major references that you heard about here today. Thanks for listening.

Do you have in your past a day that stands out as kind of perfect? I remember being on vacation with my family. I think I went running that day. I had some delicious food, probably involving avocado. This is sounding like every day. The Freakonomics Radio Network. Stitcher.

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