The enormous consequences Trump's tariffs could have
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Back in 2022, some angry truckers in Canada unintentionally ran a real-life experiment in international trade.

This was that big convoy protesting Canada's COVID-19 vaccine mandate, requiring truckers to be vaccinated to pass freely across the U.S. border. They drove the rigs into Ottawa, the Canadian capital, and basically shut it down. Here's the police chief, Peter, slowly at the time. This is a siege. It is something that is different in our democracy than I've ever experienced in my life. The protest, though, wasn't just in Ottawa. The truckers also blockaded the Ambassador Bridge between Windsor and Detroit.

A quarter of all trade between Canada and the U.S. goes over that bridge. Truck driver Jeff Wakefield was stranded on the U.S. side of the border during the blockade. He said the jam also rippled out to another nearby border crossing. I got a friend down there. Four hours, he's moved a half a mile. Now the blockade is supposedly down there blocking that off. So, Sarnia closed, this closed. Where do you go?

The other option is you want to run 700 miles out of route and go to Buffalo, cross and come all the way back to Windsor. That's the only other option. This was a huge disruption to cross-border trade, and some of the businesses hit most immediately were car companies. With parts not able to get to the plants that needed them, factories on both sides of the border cut entire production shifts and slowed their operations.

The blockade, which only lasted one week, ultimately cost auto workers and car companies some $300 million by one estimate. It was a demonstration of just how dependent the industry is on trade across the U.S.-Canada border. And this is particularly relevant right now, now that President-elect Donald Trump has said he will impose a 25% tariff on all imported goods for Mexico and Canada.

It's a threat that Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau takes at face value. One of the things that is really important to understand is that Donald Trump, when he makes statements like that, he plans on carrying them out. Consider this: Trump's tariffs could have huge consequences for the people who make cars and the people who buy them. And even if he's bluffing, Trump has other big plans to shake up the auto industry.

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It's Consider This from NPR. You never know if President-elect Donald Trump is bluffing, but when you have billions of dollars on the line, you have to take him seriously. So...

Car companies took notice when Trump announced a plan for huge new tariffs in a social media post just before Thanksgiving. A 25% tax on imports from Canada and Mexico would have a major impact on the car industry, which depends heavily on cross-border trade.

NPR's Camila Dominovsky, who covers the auto industry, and Andrea Hsu, who covers labor, have been talking to car companies and workers about the plan. And join me now. Hey there. Hi. Hey, Scott. So, Andrea, I'm going to start with you. Getting back to this question, which we asked so many times for a four-year span, can Trump do this? Because specifically, doesn't the U.S. have a free trade agreement with Mexico and Canada?

Yeah, yeah. It's called USMCA. Trump himself signed it into law in 2020. It replaced NAFTA. And under this agreement, goods flow across the borders duty-free as long as they meet certain requirements. So when it comes to cars, those requirements have to do with how much of the vehicle was produced in North America and the wages paid to people building those cars. But the

There's no outside party like a court that can force a country into compliance. So if Trump issues an executive order imposing a 25% tariff, as he is threatened to do, we would just expect Canada and Mexico to retaliate with tariffs of their own. But I do want to reiterate here, we just don't know if he's actually going to follow through with this. Right. Camila, I want to get to the car company's perspective on this.

What would a 25% tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico mean for the car industry? Well, look, it's an increase in costs, and that's coming at a time when affordability for vehicles is a major concern for the auto industry. The average new vehicle right now costs almost $49,000, which is wild. It's a tremendous amount of money.

If you look at how these tariffs would affect prices, one way is on finished vehicles. So that's your Toyota Tacomas that come from Mexico, Chrysler Pacificas that are made in Canada. They would get more expensive as the tariff is applied to them.

But the other element here, which is much bigger than that, is parts, the kind that cross that bridge between Canada and the U.S. and also cross between the U.S. and Mexico all the time. We have built an entire supply chain around these three countries working together to build vehicles. Can you give me an example to help us understand that supply chain and how important and I guess fragile it is when it comes to all of this? I'll take one example, which is talking about wire harnesses.

All right.

And what happens right now is you might have a wire or clips for those wires made in the U.S., shipped to Mexico to then be tied into these precise bundles, and then shipped back into the U.S. to go into, say, a seat or another component. Before then, they also go into the final car. Lots of parts of cars get built up like this in a series of steps that happen on different sides of these borders. So when you have concerns about tariffs and then retaliatory tariffs, the costs could really build.

build. And this affects all car companies, not just ones that have plants in Mexico or Canada. Given all of this, though, Andrea, you know, the UAW has actually pushed for higher tariffs on cars in the past, right? Like, help us make sense of all of this. Yeah, specifically higher tariffs on cars coming from Mexico and Canada. The

that don't meet the strict requirements for North American-made parts and higher wages that I talked about. And this is all about protecting jobs. So let's say you have a car plant in Mexico that's making cars for the U.S. market, but the engines or the transmissions are not made in North America. Those cars can't come into the U.S. duty-free. The penalty is a 2.5% tariff.

But the union is saying that's too low to be a deterrent. It might be cheaper for those carmakers to pay that tariff than it would be to source everything in North America. So the union would like tariffs that are high enough to compel companies to make tariffs.

You know, cars make parts, ideally in the U.S. But, you know, raising that 2.5% tariff is very different from imposing a blanket 25% tariff on everything that's coming from Mexico and Canada. Any sense from the conversations you've had how workers think they'll be affected by all of this? Yes.

Well, I talked with Romain McKinney. He's president of UAW Local 869 outside Detroit. His members work at Warren Stamping. They stamp all kinds of metal parts that are sent to plants in the U.S., but also to Mexico and Canada. And so they would feel the impacts of a trade war immediately. Maybe they'd have to slow production if orders slowed. But beyond that, McKinney stressed it's not just about cars or car parts.

A 25% tariff, he says, would run up the prices of all kinds of consumer goods. Whether that's fruit and vegetables or nuts and bolts. A 25% tariff will expeditiously run up the cost of operating your home.

That is the bigger problem for us. You know, he says auto workers are middle class Americans who are price conscious consumers. OK, Camille, what about the other argument, the one in favor of tariffs? You make it more expensive to import things. More things are built in the U.S. Yeah. And, you know, in the auto industry, there is a big, unusual kind of odd tariff specifically on pickup trucks called the chicken tax. And

And after that tariff was put in place a very long time ago, a bunch of pickup manufacturing did move from overseas to North America.

One caveat is the number of jobs involved is not always what people would hope for. When a company moves production from a country where cost of labor is cheap to one where wages are really high, they are often very motivated to see how much they can do by robots. Yeah, I will jump in here just to say, you know, a lot of manufacturing workers, union workers, they really were won over by Trump's promises that, you

you know, he was going to bring back manufacturing to the U.S. and do it through tariffs, even if the reality of that is far more complicated and messy. I have also heard from rank-and-file workers who didn't support Trump, who think his tariffs are a bad idea, who nevertheless

believe this presidency, the second Trump term, ultimately will be good for their jobs. You know, some of the other promises that Trump has made could provide them some job security. If he lowers admission standards, for example, that could extend the longevity of gas-powered models like trucks and SUVs, which are best sellers in America and are fueling those jobs.

OK, so when it comes to incoming President Trump, we know how quickly he can change his mind. We know how quickly policies will be redirected. We're talking a month and some change before he actually takes office. Given all of that, do either one of you want to give us a reality check on how likely this 25 percent tariff is? Yeah, I'll jump in and say that this particular tariff, the president-elect has talked about it. He described it in his post as being a negotiating tactic.

over immigration and drug trafficking. So the goal is not to have this tariff in place. So even if it is actually imposed, there will be a question about how long it will last. Paul Jacobson, he's a senior executive at General Motors, he was recently talking to investors and he said this. You know, we're trying to not overreact.

You know, car companies plan years ahead, right? And any new factories would be open for decades.

At the same time, I am hearing from folks that Trump has talked seriously about other tariffs, ones that he does not describe as bargaining chips, but as policies in themselves. And companies are taking those possibilities really seriously. This is Camilla Dominovsky, who covers the auto industry, as well as Andrea Hsu, who covers labor. Thanks to both of you. Thank you. Thank you, Scott. Thank you.

This episode was produced by Connor Donovan. It was edited by Courtney Dorning, Emily Kopp, and Cara Platoni. Our executive producer is Sammy Yenigan. It's Consider This from NPR. I'm Scott Detrow. This message comes from NPR sponsor Merrill. Whatever your financial goals are, you want a straightforward path there. But the real world doesn't usually work that way. Merrill understands that.

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