Could You Survive Medieval Childbirth?
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Hello, my lovely Betwixters. It's me, Kate Lister. You are listening to Betwixt the Sheets. But before we're allowed to go any further, and this is my idea, by the way, this is the lawyer's idea, but we have to tell you, this is an adult podcast spoken by adults to other adults about adult things in an adulty way, covering a range of adult subjects, and you should be an adult too. Right, do you feel safer? I feel safer. Certainly the lawyer feels safer. Let's get on with it.

I know we've already had the fair dues warning, but think of this as an extra layer of protection, a second pair of underpants, if you will. We are talking about childbirth, so you need to be thinking of tearing vaginas, hemorrhaging, rupturing, all kinds of awfulness, but in the medieval period, so it's extra awful, okay? And it's not for the faint-hearted. I mean, not that childbirth ever was or is...

But today we are pushing through the pain, peeking under the linens and asking, what was childbirth like in the Middle Ages? What do you look for in a man? Oh, money, of course. You're supposed to rise when an adult speaks to you. I make perfect copies of whatever my boss needs by just turning it up and pushing the button. Fuck you, man! Fuck you!

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While there is a lot of talk about the medicalisation of childbirth today, what was the scientific thinking behind giving birth in the Middle Ages? Who was in the room with you? What room would you be in? What role did the church play in all of this? Because you can bet your bottom dollar that they had something to say. And what role did

women have to play in these spaces? How was the midwife viewed at the time? Well, joining me today is the one and only Eleanor Jarnagher, co-host of our sister podcast Gone Medieval, and she is going to help us find out what it was like to give birth as a medieval woman. Hot towels at the ready, betwixt us, let's do this.

Hello and welcome back to Betwixt the Sheeps. It's only Eleanor Janneger. How are you doing? Well, you know, anytime they let me out of the gone medieval dungeon, I'm delighted. So I'm doing great, babes. Great. Welcome back to the sunlight. Thank you. Wow, you've got some here. What's that like? Oh, it's very nice. Yeah. In the bright world. Yeah.

But we're not here to talk about such nonsense. We are here to talk about different nonsense. Medi for midwives. Childbirth. All kinds of scary things. Yeah.

Yeah, look, I mean, the vibes are kind of not great. Yeah, if you say, if you sneak up behind the average woman in the street and just went, medieval childbirth, she'd go, ah! Yeah, oh, 100%. Right? 100%. Doesn't have to be a medieval scholar or nothing. No. You know. We know. We know. Things like, well, like, it's...

Even today, one of my closest mates, Jen, recently had a baby and I was so supportive. But even I had moments when she was talking about things like vaginal tearing and stitching and episiotomies and just things.

And that's today, 2025. Yeah, you know, we have come a long way. And I mean, yeah, we're going to talk about medieval childbirth, but I'm going to be so real with you babes. Like if it's before the 20th century, I'm not interested. No, God. Like, no, I'm not even interested now.

But, you know, like this is the thing. It's like all you got to do is like study historical childbirth and you're like, you know, I'm good. Yep. No, no. It's really it's a one way system. That's all. That's it. Yeah. I just got. But there are plenty of people listening who have had babies. Yeah. And God bless you. Well done. Thank you. Yeah. Thank you for your service. Bravely the troops.

Et cetera. So yeah, like it is one of those things where if you consider how difficult and painful and frankly dangerous it still is. Still is. I'm still scary. Yeah, very much so. You know, all you have to do really is ask, you know, like what is your story from giving birth? Do you know what I've noticed? Every single mate I've had who's had a baby, when I've actually asked that question, what was the birth like? They can't remember.

It's like the body like blocks out. It's like something, I don't know if there's some actual scientific research behind this or if just all of my friends went for the drug option, but like they don't remember. And I think maybe that is some kind of, I'm off script now, but I think that might be some kind of evolutionary thing because if you did actually remember what happened,

If you actually, well, I was in excruciating agony for 52 hours, Kate. That's how it, well, you wouldn't do that again. It's a conspiracy of silence in my opinion. I think it is. I think it's a conspiracy of silence. People don't talk about it because they don't want to put other people off. But, you know, that's the exact opposite of how medieval people are getting on with it because medieval birth is so much more matter of fact. Really?

Really? Yeah, because fundamentally medieval people don't have privacy. No, they don't. That's something I've learned from talking to you. That changed how I think about a lot of these people, the concept of privacy. You're not going to be...

going anywhere to have your child. You're going to be having your child at home, most likely. There's no medieval maternity wards. No, and I mean, there are medieval hospitals, but the concept of the medieval hospital is super different to how it is now, where it's like they're kind of like inns. They're run by, you know, monks and nuns. Like the Pope.

Yeah, I mean, fully, fully. It's like, you know, there might be someone like giving birth, someone like, you know, dying of cancer. And then also you're like, oh, I just needed a place to stay. And then like some people, yeah, kind of having dinner downstairs. Fabulous stuff already, right? Okay, great. So I mean, that's not what's going to be happening for you. When you are having a child, you're going to be having this child in your own home. You are probably going to be attended by the women you know. There has been research done, and I can't think of the proper title of it that shows that

home births, the more calm the surroundings, that actually that hyper-medicalized environment, although very safe and necessary, let's not put people off it, but actually being calmer in a home environment can reduce stress and shorten labor. Yeah, I mean, that's the thing is if you can like chill out, that's probably good. Watch the telly. And you know, so this is the thing is like, you know, your mom's going to be there, maybe your mother-in-law, your sisters, and I mean, the midwife.

It's going to be there. And that's going to be who looks after it. And it doesn't matter who you are. Even if you are an incredibly wealthy queen, physicians don't really deal with

With this stuff. You basically have midwifery as a separate skill. Now, a physician might be called if something really wild goes down. Like that scene in Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves. Yeah, exactly. But, you know, for the most part, it's just going to be women because this is very much considered a specialist occupation. And it is one that is taken incredibly seriously. And now, to be fair, midwives do more than just deliver babies. But that is really the one where it's always going to be them. Right.

Okay. Who was doing it. So that's kind of cool. There's like this specific medical field for women. Is it true that some nuns were midwives or some midwives were nuns? Yeah, absolutely. Because the nuns are some of the women who are trained pretty extensively in medical care. So again, hospitals, it might just be like a nunnery's got beds.

You know, very famously in Paris, the Hotel Dieu is run by nuns. And so like there are all these nuns who will kind of like look in on you there. And so if you've got some expertise, you're going to be given more expertise. And this is also something that nuns can go do. You know, nuns are supposed to be enclosed. They're just supposed to be hanging out in their nunnery away from the world and not participating in society. But if you're going to attend a birth, this is considered like worthy and fine. Okay.

And, you know, Hildegard Bingen writes rather a lot about midwifery as well. So, you know, I mean, Hildegard Bingen writes a lot about a lot. So that's probably not a surprise. She's just like the infinite monkeys. She's just got like she probably. She's just the kind of person she would just deliver several babies in between composing symphonies and.

Exactly. Recording her visions and whatever the fuck else she was doing. God bless her. God bless that woman. I know what you're going to tell me now. This is because this is women's history. No fucker has bothered to write it down. Was there training for this? How would you get into being a midwife? It's quite specialist now. You can't just rock up and go, I am a midwife. Yeah. I mean, the thing is you're going to need a reputation and you are probably going to train in a sort of apprenticed style.

kind of manner. And yeah, you're right. We don't have a whole lot on this because it's like a lady stuff.

No, thank you. Oh, gross. You know, kind of a deal. Call us when it's baptized. Yeah, exactly. And so we do know, though, that these women form a backbone of their community. They show up in tax records. You know, we find these midwives who are working in different places around the shop. And they are, yes, delivering babies, but they're also doing generalized health care for the community. Right. So this is going to be the woman that you go see when you've got a cough.

The midwife is going to be called. You're not getting a physician. Like, especially if, I don't know, you live in rural Scotland. Is this like a wise woman type thing? Yeah, it is. Wise woman, yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Because it's like, yo, like, if you are a trained physician, like, say you went to the school at Salerno, where there's like one. Like, you didn't go there so that you could be like, oh, I can't wait to practice rural medicine. No.

In like Northumbria. No, that's not. And those people wouldn't have been able to afford someone like that anyway. No. So it's like you go, you do that and then you go to court.

Okay. Or you hang out in a city where there's a lot of rich merchants and that's who you attend to. So the great majority of medical help that is happening is by people like midwives. And also, frankly, you want a midwife so much more than you want as a physician because here's the thing about medieval medicine. It's not real. No, it's mad. Yeah. Properly mental. Yeah. And I mean, to be fair, and now this is like the proviso that I always say, it's not just medieval people. No.

You know, they were getting it from the Romans and the Greeks. And like, basically, it takes until the 19th century for any medicine to be like workable. And even now today, you have to remember that advice changes all the time. All the time. Absolutely. You know, like, all you got to do is like think about diets. Like, how many times have we gone back and forth on whether or not you should be eating eggs, right? You know, like, these things are constantly going on.

I was watching a sitcom from the 70s over the weekend, The Good Life, and it was interesting to a top, top tier. Top, yes. But it was interesting just to watch. That was in 1975. And it's so weird watching it of how much things have changed. So there was an episode where Tom does his back in and the advice is to lie completely immobile on the floor. And that's exact opposite now. Yeah, they're like, move around. Yeah. I mean, exactly. So that is also kind of like the difference between if you've got –

medicine like physicians are learning at universities, that is going to be a lot more rigid because it's going to be a lot more, oh, well, let us go back and see what Hippocrates wrote about this. Like, let us go back to the ancients because there's this great reverence for classical medicine and an idea that that must be better. Whereas if you're going to a midwife in your village, she's going to be like, this works real good. Yeah. You know, I know that if you

boil up willow bark and you drink it, it's going to help your headache. Mm.

You know, I know that L-campane seems to help to treat lung afflictions. You know, these are things that you see work. Yeah. And yeah, you'll be taught this by whoever it is you're apprenticing with and whoever it is you're working alongside. But these are also things that you might be tinkering with around the joint. And, you know, you as a midwife are going to need to know how to do things like stitch things up. And so that is going to be. I know that's been great.

you know, demand, you know, being able to do stitches is being able to do stitches. That's great. So these women are really kind of like the front line of what health care is in the medieval period. And every day of the week, I would rather have one of them

than like some court physician who's going to be like yeah yeah without i just think it would have been the kind of thing that like was passed down families like you do it because your mother did it and you could oh yeah yeah yeah and that's super super common it's really common for there to be just like a family of people who do this so i'll be back with eleanor after this short break

Hi guys, it's Hannah from Gigli Squad. With summer on the corner, I wanted to tell you guys how I'm staying comfy and stylish. Lululemon is my secret weapon. There are plenty of copycats out there, but nothing compares to the Lululemon fabrics and fit. I've literally had my pair of Lululemon leggings since college.

And I'm out of college. I know I don't look it, but I am. The quality is next level. I especially love the Lululemon Align Collection. It's made with this weightless, buttery, soft Nulu fabric that feels like next to nothing. It's so soft. Whether you're in Align pants, shorts, a bra, tank, skirt, a dress, you get nonstop flexibility in every direction so you can stretch the summer limits.

Our skin tells a story.

Join me, Holly Frey, and a slate of incredible guests as we are all inspired by their journeys with psoriasis. Along with these uplifting and candid personal histories, we take a step back into the bizarre and occasionally poisonous history of our skin and how we take care of it. Whether you're looking for inspiration on your own skincare journey or are curious about the sometimes strange history of how we treat our skin, you'll find genuine, empathetic, transformative conversations here on Our Skin.

Listen to Our Skin on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. So I'm trying to think, like, actually of the birthing experience. It sucked. It sucked. I mean, Blake, all the people listening to this that have had babies, and if you ask your friends who've had babies and all this stuff, just talk to them about their birth if they remember it. And all the things that happened that if it wasn't for modern medicine would have been fucking nuts.

nightmare. My mate Sam split from fucking keel to stern. Oh god, yeah, like, I'm one of four because my parents are idiots. I love you, mom and dad, thank you. But, like, all of us either tried to kill our mother or almost died. Like, all of us. And if it was the medieval period, she would have just been gone. Yeah, yeah, yeah. My sister was breech.

my mother's blood wouldn't clot with me, my older younger brother umbilical cord around the neck, my youngest brother, 11 pounds, three ounces. Holy moly. Which is, you know, we're a big family. Wow. So yeah, like all of this. So, you know, if you just kind of consider how difficult and dangerous it is now, it's even more at the time, right? But the thing

But the thing is, they were super matter of fact about it. Because I think one of the big differences between like today and then is everyone goes, oh, sweetie, it's fine. Actually, it's the most natural thing in the world. Well, it's so beautiful. I mean, it's like, let's make it beautiful, honey. Right. And I think that now we really tend to downplay it.

The dangers of childbirth because, you know, I mean, yeah, we're trying not to freak women out. But like, I don't know, you could use a little bit of being freaked out. Right? Like, I mean, there's there's, you know, don't freak people out. And there's like, also, let's be reasonable. Surprise them. Yeah, like this is, I think that a lot of people are kind of surprised when they get there. And it's like,

dangerous and horrifying and you almost die. Yeah. You know, and so medieval people are like, yeah, no, it's bad. Right. Okay. So there's this particular medieval document that I love that is called a letter on virginity or the holy midfet or like, don't get mad at me. My middle English is rubbish. Okay. And it is a specific work that is like, girl, do not get married.

Like dedicate your life to Christ. And it's talking very specifically about like all of the shock and horror of what goes along with being a wife and mother. And they're like, you think you want to bang and you do, but you're going to get knocked up.

And then you're going to have to give birth. And it goes into detail being like pregnancy sucks. It sucks in his ass. And you're going to want to puke the whole time. And you're still going to have to be plowing the field. And your useless husband is still going to be like, where's dinner? And you're still going to have like do all of these things, even though you feel awful. And then you're going to give birth and it's going to be awful.

It's even if you survive, which is a pretty big if. I mean, we're talking about kind of like a 50-50 chance at the time. You know, even if you survive that, they're like, and then you're left with a kid. Yeah.

and then you gotta look after it and then you know it's gonna disappoint you someday by like being a weird little slut and you know it's gonna grow up to be just like you girls so just don't do it don't do it right and so this is like a specific thing where it just goes on and on and on and it's like do you understand what it's like when your water breaks like do you understand what it's like when like you're a woman who'd had a

had a baby. Yeah. I mean, well, either that or who had been around it enough. And she's like, like, do you get that? Like you are going to soil yourself in front of everyone while you're giving birth. You get that. Do you understand that it's going to like tear you apart? Do you, is that something that you understand? It's not just a cute little baby at the end. This is a really visceral process. And they were a lot more upfront about that. And now granted, um,

This is 100% a tract that is like antinatalist. They like don't have children. And, you know, a lot of religious works are like you shouldn't be doing that. Like, you know, the ideal medieval Christian is a virgin, right? I think it's St. Jerome says that like he praises the office of marriage because it gives him virgins or it's like, well, you people messed up, but like more virgins might be born. And then I know he's the worst. He's just such a tool. I know. Well, yeah.

You know, like his kink is beating himself with rocks instead of beating off. And, you know, I'm not going to kink shame. Well, I am. He's a tool. But the thing is, I want to be careful that we don't like completely stigmatize childbirth in the middle ages because quite obviously they managed it. We're all the walking, living, breathing proof that some people at least and quite a lot of people successfully gave birth. What was their process like? I mean, would you have had a medieval birthing plan? Yeah.

Would you have had like a medieval birthing pool or one of those bowls to bounce on? I mean, usually one of the big things that you have is a chair. Oh, a chair? Yeah, so like a chair is like a birthing chair is a really big thing. Is that good or bad? Like, is that like a mad thing that they had that they thought was good? I think it's actually pretty good because like one of the things that we're kind of learning now, for example, is that like the laying down thing isn't necessarily great.

So their idea was like, yo, you want to use gravity in your favor. So it's kind of like, so if you sit up, if you can like get on this chair and you know, you're not always going to want to get on the chair because you're going to be in like great pain. But if you can sit up and get on the chair, then that gravity is going to help draw the baby down along with the contractions. We need midwives and gynecologists to email into the show just to let us know if that, if the chair was a bad idea or a good idea.

And yeah, and they know. Gravity sounds, that sounds sensible to me. Birthing pool, not so much. Just because, I mean, like granted, you could fill up the tub with water, but like it's probably going to cool down and then you're going to have to keep replacing it. And it's eventually going to, it's going to get, yeah. And when you're carrying water the whole time. Yeah. Water's really annoying. Now you might end up just giving birth in bed. That's super complicated.

as well. You know, that's a big place to do it because you're so uncomfortable. You're like, no, I will not stand up. Thank you. No, not going to happen. But as a general rule, you're going to be giving birth in your own home and like someone's going to go get the midwife. That's what's going to happen. Like, you know, your mother-in-law or your sister or whoever is going to look after you and then someone's going to go run, get the midwife, and then she's going to come in and take over. And what that means can be

be, you know, anything, you know, you can have a relatively straightforward birth. And she is just going to be like, yeah, great job, girl, like rub your back, you know, kind of a deal. There are other things that can happen. So for example, we know that, you know, in order to avoid vaginal tearing, for example, they will like oil you up. Like that's a that's a big thing that kind of happens is like the hope that this is going to like

prevent tears from happening. They will be keeping an eye on the baby, like in case it is, you know, breach or something like that. And, you know, they'll get in there and just kind of try to manipulate it, move it around if it's gone into the wrong position. So that's something that they are super clear on. But for the most part, this is kind of an at-home deal where we're just going to see what we see once we get there, right? Did they do that lying in thing? Or was that a rich person deal? Like when, you know, when you...

shut themselves away in like a little room with no windows or light and lots of incense. Peasant's girls ain't got no room. No, there's no time. No, they've just got... Peasant girls live in one room, which like sometimes in the winter, there's a cow at one end. Right? You know, like granted they're in like little...

stall thing. It's not like in the same room. You know, but everybody lives in one big room for the most part. So no, I mean like you'll probably lay down for a couple of days just because of, you know, the trauma. But they're not, it's not going to be that whole like lying in, we cover up all the windows, here's some incense, da da da. That's for queens. You know, that's for ladies. It's not for

your average individual who is just going to have to be in their house in the best way that they can be, frankly. Confinement. That was the word I was looking for. That sounds fucking awful, by the way. Yeah. Oh, I mean, I wouldn't recommend it. I don't think, you know, and this is the thing that confinement is a really interesting one because that lasts forever.

As an idea. Yeah. I mean, it's Jesus. It's such a difficult thing in medical history because it's like basically absolutely nothing worked until we figured out germs exist. But they were still doing all this weird stuff anyway. And you're like, yeah, it's not until the 19th century that any of this gets better. Right. Just lie there in a bed for like a month, maybe more waiting for this thing to kick off. And they're like, please don't get postpartum depression. Have fun. Oh, my God.

Why would nuns make good midwives? Well, nuns make good midwives because in the first place, they are dedicated to serving their communities. They are the sort of people who can sit around and read the text in order to learn about these things. And also, in cases of extremists, women...

you have a baby who has been born, but it's not looking good and they very well may die, which is incredibly common. You know, let us keep in mind that until we invent vaccines, 50% of all children are going to die before they are the age of two. And it's incredibly common with newborns for them to die. And so you would be happy to have a nun because a nun in this case is authorized to perform baptism. Oh,

Oh, that's handy. Yeah. Wait, no, that sounds like a bigger deal than I thought that was then because only priests were allowed to do that. Yeah, ordinarily, yeah. And you have some cases where when stuff gets really bad, so like, for example, during the Black Death, they'll be like, if you can't get a priest, just get a Christian and they can do these things. And then if you can't find a Christian, oh, God.

man, I guess a woman could do it. Like if someone is dying, you can hear someone's last confession. You know, like you can go find a woman. But here is a case where they're like, well, yeah, it's more likely that

that you're going to have a nun around than it is to like go fetch a priest. And then if you've got to go fetch a priest, then you're also wasting time. And everybody agrees it's really important to get the baby baptized so that they don't end up in purgatory. So, you know, that is something that it's a rare example of where women get to have a little bit more spiritual power, specifically in the birthing room. So are the nuns trained in, I guess, not just push and breathe, but...

Surgery as well. Like, caesareans!

As cesareans, this is the big thing, right? And so let's keep in mind that a cesarean at the time, you know, like again, up until essentially like the 20th century, you do cesareans when it's like, she ain't gonna make it, right? Like it's over for wifey. Like she is probably already, she's gonna be dead. Like she's dead. And you're like, okay, we've got to get to this baby. And odds are baby's also going to die. That's what the odds are. But what you want to do is make sure it gets baptized. Right?

So you get in there to get the baby to make sure that it is baptized so that it goes to heaven. So that is when someone would perform a cesarean section. And again, this is something that's really handy to have a nun who is trained up here because she can cut you open and she can also do the baptism really quickly. And because odds are the baby, if it's got to this incredibly difficult situation, odds are the baby is going to die as well.

But we're still thinking about the pastoral needs of the baby, and this is as much a form of

as is seen to the corporeal needs of either the mother or child. Because it was almost certain death, wasn't it? Oh, yeah. You wouldn't do that unless you knew it was absolute curtains. And even then, you'd probably still be holding out, hoping it would be okay. Yeah, I mean, like, fundamentally, this doesn't happen unless mom's dead. And we're worried because the baby's too far in and there's, like, no amount of, like, gravity that's going to get them out. It's grim, isn't it? It's grim. Don't you love having me on? Oh.

Oh. So would this have been primarily a woman-only space then? I mean, for the most part, this is one of these circumstances where we just see a lot of chicks rocking, you know? Like, you are probably going to have, like, your husband toddle along once or twice in certain occasions, but for the most part, they're like, get out of here. Yeah.

Go take the other kids and go to your dad's house or something like that. Right. Like, go make yourself useful. And so that is something that certainly would exist now, probably especially for poorer families. There's going to be a little bit less of that. But this is a kind of time and place where women are hanging out around other women. And like that is who the crowd is.

From what you're saying, it sounds like midwives are quite important people. So I'm assuming that they were very widely respected and given a lot of kudos in the community and not accused of being witches at any point. Now, I want to be clear that medieval people really don't do that. Oh, yes. Early modern problem. Anti-early modern action. Sorry. Slipping there into that myth. And this is a really important one.

though, because we do see when we hit the early modern period, we do see that more midwives end up getting persecuted as witches. But there's a very specific thing here, right? Okay. Whereas it's not just any midwife, like midwives exist the entire time, like across the early modern period, midwives are still around. You can't just periodically execute all the midwives. Yeah, you know who you periodically execute? The midwives who do abortions.

Because medieval people are a lot more chill on the whole abortion front. Medieval people are like, well, so true, bestie. Like, you do be having to have abortions from now on. And medieval church, way chiller about abortions than you would think. They're basically like, yo, it's a freebie up to three months. Yeah, they had this idea about the quickening. Yeah. And they're like, don't get me wrong. They're not like, yes, I love abortions. That's my favorite thing. But they are like, look,

Fundamentally, we know things happen. You might have too many children and what they see is

as probable in circumstances where people cannot feed their children, which is a real concern at the time, is infanticide. And they see that as a probable outcome because it is probable. Because infanticide is incredibly high when you can't access abortion services. And so a lot of midwives are like, also, this is a thing that I do. And that is usually a kind of intervention that is like, for example, drinking penny royalty tea.

Yeah. Am I right in thinking that like the quickening ran about three months. That was when they thought that the soul, the soul enters. And up until that point, it's like, it's, it's not a Christian. There's no soul. No. Whatever you do doesn't count. But after that, then things, then things get, and it's like from,

From there, like it kind of like goes up and up and up. I mean, like not that women are really usually attempting to like abort pregnancies after six months, but it's like it would get worse and worse and worse. Right. Yeah. In terms of what penance is. But penance is usually like surprisingly light for the first three months. And they're just like, yeah, please don't kill babies. That would be cool. Like, you know, just get an abortion. It'll be fine.

that changes after we invent Protestants because Protestants and Catholics are like, I'm the holy one. No, you're not holy. I'm holy. No. And then they're like, you would do abortions. No, I wouldn't. You would. No, I bet you that sounds like something you would do. And then they're like, so it turns into like the spiritual arms race or a slap fight, you know, kind of thing. And so then everyone goes, no abortions. That is it. You ruined it. Yeah, exactly. And so then...

You go after the midwives who were doing abortions. And that is very specifically the group of midwives who are persecuted as the ones doing abortion services. I'll be back with Eleanor after this short break.

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any texts left to us by any midwives able to write? Was there any man that wanted to write for a midwife? Do we have any textual evidence, any medieval version of Call the Midwife? I mean, the number one, it's going to be your girl, Trotto Salerno and the Trotula, right? And now granted, we think that she very well may have been an actual physician. She very well may have been educated at Salerno, but she writes this OBGYN treatise.

which tells you very expressly how they're like, well, this is what you do about a breached baby. This is what you do about tearing. This is how you care for mothers afterwards. And it goes really step by step about what it is you're supposed to do. And this is, you know, the equivalent of a medieval bestseller. This survives to us in absolutely tons of copies. I mean, after the original text gets written, that tells you all these important OBGYN things, then later on, they're like, and here's how you curl your hair.

And people like add to it. And they're like, yeah, this is the eminent midwife was also like, here's how you make lipstick. Like, yeah, sure, bro. But people, yeah, different people. But it kind of travels together. It's like, here is the one stop shop for ladies and things that you'll need to do. So it's interesting because there is also with this, we kind of see there's kind of an understanding that like women are going to need to know a little bit about what's due generally because you're going to be at somebody's birth.

at some point in time helping out and you can't lay it all at the feet of the midwife do we have anything in the records about women what happens to them their bodies after they because sometimes you read some records of how many births somebody's had it's not super duper common but like i've come across uh women wasn't medieval as 80th century and she'd had 34 yeah i mean you get into some clown car situations pretty quickly and you just think like what

Like, even if she didn't require stitches, but how could you not? Like, what that must have done to her body. Yeah, I mean, certainly it's not uncommon to see women who have had, like, you know, 13 kids, 16 kids, you know, this sort of thing. Like, that is...

very very common and I mean I think the thing that sort of happens there is that your body does to an extent get used to it where it's like oh we're doing this again right you're gonna have less tearing you know and if you are the sort of person who has been like really maimed by the situation you might not be the sort of person who gets pregnant again

you know you might be like yeah that's cool that jesus says we need to do that absolutely not we are not ejaculating inside of anything right like so you there are ways of doing getting around that right i often think like because this this is not a history that's that's written down because and it's still something that people struggle to talk about today actually i don't think it's spoken about nearly enough is the

vaginal damage and the internal damage that can be done. I mean, they must have been incontinent and tears and fistulas and all kinds of internal injuries. Oh, yeah, absolutely. And I mean, one of the things that we have really good records on from the medieval period that they do a lot of surgery on is very specifically fistulas. Oh, wow. So like fistula and anus, the one where you kind of like get a fistula through to your anus, which is super common as a result.

of problematic pregnancies. That's one of the first things where everyone was like, we need to sit down and write up how you deal with this. So there are surgical practices very specifically to address that. But yeah, absolutely. And it is, though, as you say, the sort of thing that you just don't talk about, right? Like it's on the first place, it's happening to women. So is it happening? I don't know.

I didn't hear anything, you know, right? So you wouldn't talk about that. In the second place, you know, it's kind of like private stuff. So you're not necessarily going to talk about it. And then in the third place, it's so common that it doesn't even necessarily require talking about, right? You know, now for us in the global north, that would be a lot more of an anomaly and something that you would talk about. But, you know, it's still something that is a real problem for women in the global south, for example. So like access to really good information

health care around birth is still incredibly limited by where you live. So as a final question, then, when did things start to shift that birth became increasingly medicalized? And I don't want to be, you know, a crusty person being like, yeah, we should all be at home on a lily pad and being washed. I think that I think that actually medical intervention is a good thing. But also there is an argument to say that we do

overly medicalize this. And now the idea that you just go into hospital to have a baby, that's the done thing. But when did it stop being like Betty up the road that you just go and get? It's an enlightenment issue. So, you know, with the enlightenment, everyone is like, we're doing science now, guys. It's science time. Stand back, ladies. It was not science. You know, like until the 19th century, it's like you're still just doing like, you know, humoral theory with more steps. But...

One of these things that we begin to see, especially at the end of the Middle Ages, is an increasing professionalization of physicians in particular. So whereas before you could be like, I spent a couple of weeks at Salerno and I'm a physician now or whatever, that begins to get tightened up. And so kings will say, for example, you can't call yourself a physician unless you have a degree from a university.

Fair. So that means that women increasingly do not have access. Unfair. Yeah. Now, it still happens. You know, we'll still see like women, for example, we've got women on record in Paris, for example, who are basically suing to say like, look, I'm trained. Let me in. I should be able to say that I'm a physician. That kind of thing. Is that something you wrote about in your book? Yeah.

Yes, my book, The Once and Future Sex, we treat this in my chapter on women's roles in society. So what it means to be a wife and mother. So yeah, absolutely. But they were trained. Oh, yeah, absolutely trained. And we know this and we've got their names, right?

But this becomes increasingly untenable as you hit the Enlightenment, where, you know, the universities really become much larger. And then suddenly universities begin giving medical degrees. So right, like you and I as the correct kind of doctor, the original kind of doctor, like, you know, like a doctor originally met someone who had a PhD, and physicians were physicians.

Right. And then you kind of start seeing later, especially kind of like 18th century, 19th century, physicians are now suddenly called doctor, whereas they were not previously. Okay. And so when all of this comes in, that's when we see women increasingly excluded. And then like, especially in kind of like the 19th century, 20th century, then it's going to be like more doctors, doctors, doctors, doctors, doctors. So particularly

in the kind of post-war period in the global north, it's much more going to be like you go to hospital, you see a doctor, there isn't really going to be a midwife so much. And that can vary from place to place. So that's certainly more true, for example, in the States than it is here. And, you know, Call the Midwife is a great program for a reason. And it's a great book, actually. I read the book about before it came out and it was fascinating. Yeah, brilliant stuff. So, you know, midwives certainly always existed along those lines, but it's

you know, we just kind of have changed our ways of thinking about what birth is and, you know, who is an expert. Eleanor, thank you so much for coming and talking to me. It's been absolutely horrifying. Oh, well, you know, I aim to horrify.

Thank you for listening and thank you so much to Eleanor for joining us. And if you like what you heard, don't forget to like, review and follow along wherever it is that you get your podcasts. If you'd like us to explore a subject or maybe just wanted to say hello, then you can email us at betwixt at historyhit.com. Coming up, we have the first in our new mini series exploring sex work throughout history and we are starting with ancient Rome.

This podcast was edited by Tom DeLarge and produced by Stuart Beckwith. The senior producer was Charlotte Long. Join me again between the sheets of the history of sex scandal and society, a podcast by History Hit. This podcast contains music from Epidemic Sound.

Hi guys, it's Hannah from Gigli Squad. With summer on the corner, I wanted to tell you guys how I'm staying comfy and stylish. Lululemon is my secret weapon. There are plenty of copycats out there, but nothing compares to the Lululemon fabrics and fit. I've literally had my pair of Lululemon leggings since college.

and I'm out of college. I know I don't look it, but I am. The quality is next level. I especially love the Lululemon Align Collection. It's made with this weightless, buttery, soft Nulu fabric that feels like next to nothing. It's so soft. Whether you're in Align pants, shorts, a bra, tank, skirt, a dress, you get nonstop flexibility in every direction so you can stretch the summer limits. Align

Our skin tells a story.

Join me, Holly Frey, and a slate of incredible guests as we are all inspired by their journeys with psoriasis. Along with these uplifting and candid personal histories, we take a step back into the bizarre and occasionally poisonous history of our skin and how we take care of it. Whether you're looking for inspiration on your own skincare journey or are curious about the sometimes strange history of how we treat our skin,

You'll find genuine, empathetic, transformative conversations here on Our Skin. Listen to Our Skin on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.