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cover of episode Biological Taxonomy and the Tree of Life

Biological Taxonomy and the Tree of Life

2025/4/19
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Everything Everywhere Daily

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以丰富的内容和互动方式帮助学习者提高中文能力的播客主播。
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主播:地球上所有生物,从微生物到鲸鱼,都可以被归类到一个单一的等级系统中,这个系统被称为生物分类学,它帮助我们理解生命之间的联系。这个系统经过三百多年的发展,不断添加新的层级,并对生物的归类进行过多次的讨论和调整。 在林奈之前,生物的命名混乱不堪,缺乏统一的标准。林奈最重要的贡献是双名法,即用两个拉丁词来命名物种,这极大地简化了生物命名,并提高了科学交流的效率。他还创建了一个正式的嵌套等级分类系统,最初包括界、纲、目、属、种等几个主要等级。 然而,林奈的系统并非完美无缺。随着科学的发展,人们又增加了科和门这两个等级,以更好地反映生物之间的进化关系。后来,基于核糖体RNA序列分析,又增加了域这个更高的等级,将生物分为细菌、古细菌和真核生物三个域。 即使是现行的八级分类系统(域、界、门、纲、目、科、属、种)也并非完美无缺。并系群的存在、趋同进化现象以及物种概念本身的模糊性都给生物分类带来了挑战。例如,传统上爬行动物不包括鸟类,但鸟类是由兽脚类恐龙进化而来的,这使得分类与真实的进化历史不相符。 此外,原核生物中的水平基因转移也使微生物分类复杂化。尽管DNA测序为评估生物之间的关系提供了强大的工具,但它也可能推翻长期以来被人们接受的分类。例如,传统的原生生物界就被证明是多系群的。 生命之树上最顶层的分类单元包括三个域:细菌、古细菌和真核生物。真核生物域下大约有四个界:真菌界、动物界、植物界和原生生物界。人类的完整分类是:真核域、动物界、脊索动物门、脊椎动物亚门、哺乳纲、灵长目、人科、人属、智人种。 生物分类系统是人类试图组织一个动态且常常混乱的自然世界,它并不完美,但它是一个相当健全的系统,帮助我们理解自然世界,并且已经这样做了近300年。

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This episode explores the system of biological taxonomy, a hierarchical system used to categorize all living things on Earth. It discusses the history of this system, from ancient Greek philosophers to the modern three-domain system. The episode also touches on the challenges and debates surrounding biological classification.
  • All living things can be categorized into a single hierarchical system.
  • This system has been developed over 300 years, with debates about classification.
  • The system is incredibly useful for understanding how life is connected.

Shownotes Transcript

All living things on the planet Earth, from microbes to whales, can be categorized into a single hierarchical system. 

This system has been developed over the last 300 years. Layers have been added, and there have been debates as to what creatures should go where.

However, it has proved an incredibly useful way to understand how all life is connected.

Learn more about the system of biological taxonomy and the tree of life on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.

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