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cover of episode Dr. Robert Malenka: How Your Brain’s Reward Circuits Drive Your Choices

Dr. Robert Malenka: How Your Brain’s Reward Circuits Drive Your Choices

2023/7/10
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Huberman Lab

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A
Andrew Huberman
是一位专注于神经科学、学习和健康的斯坦福大学教授和播客主持人。
R
Robert Malenka
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Robert Malenka: 多巴胺是脑中主要的"神经调质剂"之一,其主要功能在于大脑奖赏回路中,帮助我们判断环境中的刺激是否具有强化作用,从而影响我们的行为。奖赏回路的进化是为了提高生存几率,它帮助我们识别对生存有利或有害的刺激。奖赏回路让我们重复那些带来愉悦体验的行为,并避免那些带来痛苦或危险的经历。多巴胺系统与唤醒系统和记忆系统密切相关,它不仅在积极的强化体验中起作用,也在消极的厌恶体验中起作用。多巴胺奖赏回路具有高度可塑性,并且高度依赖于情境。不同药物的成瘾性不同,这与多巴胺的释放量和速度有关,以及给药途径有关。药物成瘾与药物对奖赏回路中神经元连接的改变有关,这种改变与适应性学习和记忆的改变相似。即使只接触一次毒品,也会导致奖赏回路发生持久性改变,增加日后再次成瘾的可能性。强化与奖赏、想要与喜欢是不同的概念,强化是指某种刺激会增加重复该行为的可能性,而奖赏是指该刺激让人感觉良好。不同成瘾性物质和行为对多巴胺奖赏回路的影响不同,例如可卡因和阿片类药物。阿片类药物通过增加多巴胺的释放来发挥作用,但其主观体验与可卡因等兴奋剂不同。可卡因和甲基苯丙胺等兴奋剂以及阿片类药物都通过增加多巴胺的释放来发挥作用,但其机制不同,导致的主观体验也不同。大脑中介导对与他人相处渴望的回路是先天存在的,但可以被改变,社会行为得到多巴胺系统的奖赏。从进化角度来看,社会互动对生存和繁殖具有重要意义。催产素作用于伏隔核,促进社交行为,并可能通过增加5-羟色胺的释放来发挥作用。催产素可以调节腹侧被盖区的多巴胺神经元活性,从而影响社会互动。伏隔核包含促进和抑制特定行为的两种不同类型的细胞。对伏隔核及其相关环路的机制研究,有助于开发治疗自闭症谱系障碍的新型药物和行为疗法。人类大脑对社会互动的敏感性,是由于其在进化过程中对繁殖和生存的适应性。社交媒体利用了大脑奖赏机制,可能具有很高的成瘾性。同情心与大脑奖赏回路有关,研究同情心的神经生物学基础,有助于增进人类的同情心和怜悯心。在小鼠实验中,观察到旁观者小鼠在与疼痛小鼠相处后,也会表现出疼痛行为,这表明存在社会性疼痛传递现象。小鼠实验显示存在社会性镇痛传递现象,即疼痛小鼠与接受镇痛治疗的小鼠相处后,疼痛感会减轻。社会性疼痛传递和镇痛传递可能与前扣带回皮层及其投射到伏隔核的通路有关,多巴胺和5-羟色胺等神经递质可能也参与其中。一些自闭症谱系障碍患者的社会互动的强化作用可能减弱或缺失,这可能是先天性的或后天获得的。MDMA 的促社会作用主要由其对伏隔核中5-羟色胺的释放作用介导,而非催产素。目前尚无FDA批准的药物专门用于治疗自闭症谱系障碍的社会缺陷。MDMA 可能具有成瘾性,其成瘾性主要由其对多巴胺系统的作用介导,而其促社会作用则主要由其对5-羟色胺系统的作用介导。精神活性药物可以作为研究大脑功能的有力工具,但也需要谨慎研究其治疗潜力,避免滥用。 Andrew Huberman: 药物或行为的成瘾性与其释放多巴胺的量和速度有关。不同成瘾性物质和行为对多巴胺奖赏回路的影响不同,例如可卡因和阿片类药物。自闭症是否涉及缺乏同理心或对社会互动的奖赏系统重构?积极的社会互动是强化性的,这与大脑奖赏回路有关。社交媒体利用了大脑奖赏机制,可能具有很高的成瘾性。同情心与大脑奖赏回路有关,研究同情心的神经生物学基础,有助于增进人类的同情心和怜悯心。MDMA 的促社会作用主要由其对伏隔核中5-羟色胺的释放作用介导,而非催产素。

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Shownotes Transcript

In this episode, my guest is Robert Malenka, MD, PhD), a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford School of Medicine who has made numerous seminal discoveries of how the brain changes (neuroplasticity) in response to learning and in response to rewarding and reinforcing experiences. We discuss the brain’s several reward systems involving dopamine and serotonin and how these motivate us to seek out specific behaviors and substances. We discuss how these reward systems are modified based on context and our memories, and how they can be hijacked toward maladaptive drug seeking in addiction. We also explore how reward systems influence social connections, oxytocin and empathy and how that applies to our understanding of autism spectrum disorders. This episode should be of interest to those interested in neuroplasticity, social bonding, addiction, autism, learning and motivation.

For show notes, including referenced articles and additional resources, please visit hubermanlab.com).

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Timestamps

(00:00:00) Dr. Robert Malenka

(00:02:53) Sponsors: LMNT & Waking Up

(00:05:21) Dopamine & Reward Circuitry

(00:11:31) Reward, Arousal, Memory & Dopamine 

(00:17:34) Context, Cues & Dopamine Modification

(00:25:38) Memory & Reward Scaling

(00:30:50) Dopamine, “Addictive Liability” & Route of Administration 

(00:39:25) Sponsor: AG1 (Athletic Greens)

(00:40:40) Drugs of Abuse & Brain Changes; Addiction & Individual Variability

(00:50:51) Reinforcement vs. Reward, Wanting vs. Liking

(00:57:500 Opioids, Psychostimulants & Dopamine

(01:04:51) Self-Doubt, Confidence & Career

(01:12:40) Autism Spectrum Disorder

(01:19:29) Pro-Social Interaction & Reward; Oxytocin, Serotonin & Dopamine

(01:30:30) Nucleus Accumbens & Behavior Probability

(01:38:28) Reward for Pro-Social Behavior

(01:43:13) Social Media & “Addictive Liability”; Gambling

(01:52:17) Pain, Social Behavior & Empathy

(02:02:19) Empathy Circuitry, Dopamine & Serotonin 

(02:10:07) Autism Spectrum Disorder & Social Interactions, Empathy

(02:17:23) MDMA, Serotonin & Dopamine; Addiction & Pro-Social Effects

(02:28:13) Autism Spectrum Disorder, Social Behavior, MDMA & Pharmacology

(02:37:18) Serotonin, MDMA & Psychedelics 

(02:40:16) Psychedelics: Research & Therapeutic Potential

(02:47:57) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube Feedback, Spotify & Apple Reviews, Sponsors, Momentous, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

Title Card Photo Credit: Mike Blabac)

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