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cover of episode How Countries Fall Into Autocracy

How Countries Fall Into Autocracy

2025/4/1
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Alexis Madrigal
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Anne Applebaum
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Steven Levitsky
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Alexis Madrigal: 我关注的是特朗普政府对美国宪法秩序和法治的攻击。这些行为有的在选举前就已预谋,有的则似乎并非事先计划。 Anne Applebaum: 特朗普政府内部存在不同的派别,一些人试图利用国家机器打击对手,另一些人则试图破坏国家机构。例如,技术威权主义者,如埃隆·马斯克,他们只是简单地接管国库支付系统,并削减他们不喜欢的东西。还有一些人更倾向于奥尔班的模式,即利用国家机器打击对手,例如通过教育部系统性地攻击和削弱大学。还有一些人则更倾向于传统的MAGA,他们反对联邦政府,认为华盛顿的控制太多。这些派系的目标和方法有所不同,但都对美国的民主构成了威胁。 Steven Levitsky: 美国正在经历的是一种竞争性威权主义,它与20世纪的军事独裁或一党专政不同,它保留了选举等民主形式,但选举并不公平,政府利用国家机器惩罚、骚扰、收买或排挤反对派。与其他国家相比,美国的变化速度更快,更具随意性。特朗普政府的关税政策就是一个例子,它既体现了特朗普的个人信念,也是他利用行政权力进行敲诈和欺凌的一种手段。美国制度的优势在于联邦制和强大的司法系统,但其弱点在于选举制度和两党制,可能导致少数派掌握权力。

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Since taking office, President Trump has taken aim at the constitutional order. By conducting mass firings of civil servants, investigating and prosecuting rivals and critics and pardoning insurrectionists, Trump has plunged the country into what political scientist Steven Levitsky argues is an authoritarianism that, unlike a full dictatorship, allows for opposition but deploys “the machinery of government to punish, harass, co-opt, or sideline their opponents—disadvantaging them in every contest, and, in so doing, entrenching themselves in power.” And this playbook has been used in countries like Hungary, El Salvador, India, Turkey and others. We talk to Levitsky and historian Anne Applebaum about the lessons other countries can teach us about recognizing authoritarianism at home.

Guests:

Anne Applebaum, author, "Autocracy, Inc.: The Dictators Who Want to Run the World"; staff writer for The Atlantic and a Pulitzer-prize winning historian. She is also a Senior Fellow at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and the SNF Agora Institute.

Steven Levitsky, professor of government, Harvard; co-author of "Why Democracies Die" and "Tyranny of the Minority: Why American Democracy Reached the Breaking Point."

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