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cover of episode Elite conflict, colonialism and democracy in the Middle East

Elite conflict, colonialism and democracy in the Middle East

2025/5/29
logo of podcast LSE: Public lectures and events

LSE: Public lectures and events

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Eric Schneider
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Mohamed Saleh
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Mohamed Saleh: 我认为中东地区长期存在专制主义,但历史并非注定如此。许多理论试图解释这种现象,包括伊斯兰教的文化和制度、水利文明对中央集权的需求、殖民主义的影响以及食利经济对公民参与的抑制。然而,历史上中东地区也曾出现过民主运动和运作的议会。我的研究旨在深入探讨社会冲突和民主化力量的细节,分析其成功与失败的原因。我相信,没有哪个地区注定要专制,历史是关于冲突和变化的,我们应该关注社会冲突和民主化力量的细节,理解其成功与失败的原因。我希望通过对埃及的研究,为理解中东地区的民主化挑战提供新的视角。我将从精英冲突的角度分析民主化的进程,并探讨殖民主义和后殖民时期对政治权力的影响。我的研究表明,经济利益在推动民主化进程中起着重要作用,而殖民主义则通过干预国内社会冲突,阻碍了民主的发展。我认为,只有当精英内部存在真正的民主诉求,并且没有一方能够完全压制另一方时,民主才有可能在中东地区扎根。 Mohamed Saleh: 我研究发现,在19世纪的埃及,棉花贸易的繁荣导致了农村中产阶级的崛起,他们与地主精英之间产生了经济冲突。这种冲突促使农村中产阶级要求进行制度改革,以实现更公平的经济竞争环境。1876年埃及的债务违约削弱了地主精英的力量,为农村中产阶级争取民主化提供了机会。虽然英国的殖民统治最终中断了这一进程,但这段历史表明,即使在农业社会,精英冲突也可能推动民主化。我认为,经济利益是推动民主化进程的重要因素,而议会的存在则为民主化提供了制度基础。我强调,经济利益在推动民主化进程中起着重要作用,议会的存在为民主化提供了制度基础,殖民主义则通过干预国内社会冲突,阻碍了民主的发展。只有当精英内部存在真正的民主诉求,并且没有一方能够完全压制另一方时,民主才有可能在中东地区扎根。

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This lecture explores the deep-rooted reasons behind the struggle for democracy in the Middle East, examining various theories and challenging the notion of inevitable authoritarianism.
  • Existing theories attribute authoritarianism to Islam, hydraulic civilizations, colonialism, and rentier economies.
  • The speaker challenges these theories by highlighting historical periods with functioning parliaments and democratic movements in the Middle East.
  • The speaker emphasizes the importance of studying social conflict and democratization forces to understand change and avoid deterministic views of history.

Shownotes Transcript

Contributor(s): Dr Mohamed Saleh | Why has democracy struggled to thrive in the Global South? In this British Academy-funded research project, Mohamed Saleh develops a new economic history of the Middle East that explains the economic roots of authoritarianism in the region. He theoretically and empirically investigates how demands for democratisation emerge from intra-elite conflicts in an agrarian economy, despite the lack of an industrial bourgeoisie that was crucial in the Global North, and how elite politics shift with colonialism, the intrusion of industrial capital, and postcolonial nationalist military coups.