#958 - Dr Daniel Amen - The 11 Risk Factors That Are Destroying Your Brain
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Is it right that your clinics have got the world's largest database of brain scans for psychiatry? Yes. By far. Nearly a quarter of a million specced scans. More. Yeah. How does that level of data and information change the way that you approach mental health treatment? Changes everything. Most psychiatric problems are not mental health issues.

They're brain health issues. Get your brain healthy and your mind will follow. And when I first got scanned, ultimately it changed everything in my life. Changes the time I go to bed. Changes what I eat. Changes how I think about other people. It was liberating because it took psychiatry...

Which I think many people would agree is a soft science in that it's the only medical profession that virtually never looks at the organ it treats. And it turns it into hard science because now I have data on your brain that

and I'm going to make it better, right? If you work with me, we are going to make it better. It completely upends psychiatry, whose outcomes are actually no better than they were in the 1950s, which is shameful and horrifying. So mental health as a term being the manifestation, behavior, thought patterns, etc.,

are brain health being the structural underpinnings that are sort of causing that to grow out of it? Is that the distinction that we've got here? When you call someone mental, you shame them. When you call them a brain, you elevate them. And it's very clear to me that your brain, the physical functioning of your brain, the moment-by-moment function of your brain creates your mind.

And when your brain is healthy, your mind is better. Now, you still have to program the mind, but if you think of it like hardware and software, if the hardware is not working right, the software will never run properly.

And then when it comes to relationships, I think about network connections. It's how's this hardware and software connecting with this hardware and software. And so you can see if a couple is having trouble connecting

Maybe you should look at their brain because it could be one or both of them are having hardware problems. It's interesting that because our conscious experience is so salient to all of us, right? It's front and center of our daily, the way that we interact with the world, the way that we just interact with ourselves.

It doesn't surprise me that the focus in psychiatry and psychology and talk therapy is on, okay, how are you showing up? How's this manifesting? As opposed to structurally what's going on underneath, because structurally what's going on underneath is completely opaque to us until we can use imaging to actually get down and in there. And the alternative is, well, tell me about how it makes you feel. And please explain to me about what these word associations are. Which can re-traumatize you. Okay.

How so?

We do a study called SPECT that looks at function, looks at how it works. And most psychiatric problems are functional problems, right? The hardware sort of, the structure looks fine, but it's not functioning right. Can you give an example? So SPECT basically tells us three things. Good activity, too little or too much. And...

I was on the Kardashians. I scanned Kendall Jenner after she got COVID, and she had this intense anxiety.

And when you look at her brain, she has inflammation in the anxiety centers of her brain. You look at it and you go, whoa, that's working way too hard. Not normally an anxious person. So if I would have scanned her before COVID, those areas would have been healthy. And now they're dramatically overactive. And is that her mind or anxiety?

is that her brain that's inflamed, that's disrupting her mind. And that's what I would argue. It's this interesting sort of balance between bottom-up and top-down, I think, when it comes to how we manage mental health problems. And it's both, right? I always teach my patients to kill the ants, the automatic negative thoughts that steal their happiness. So that's a top-down approach. Let's use your brain to help it thrive.

think in more helpful, rational ways. But if the hardware's not right, it's a lot harder to manage the ants. In fact, I often tell my patients, for women, the four or five days before their cycle, they have more ants. If they haven't slept well, say they took a flight and crossed time zones, they didn't sleep

Well, they have more ants. They haven't eaten in a longer period of time and they have this hangry, low blood sugar, more ants. And so get your brain healthy, balanced, fewer ants, but everybody's got automatic negative thoughts. Learning how to manage them is really important. What does happiness and well-being look like from a brain perspective? So we studied it.

I have a book called You Happier, and it was right as the pandemic was ending. And whenever I write a book, I'm like, so what do I really want to think about for the next six months or year? And I'm like...

everybody's unhappy. And I'm like, let's talk about happiness. So I gave 500 consecutive patients the Oxford happiness questionnaire. And if your brain is healthy, you're much more likely to be happy. If you have low activity in the front part of your brain, you're less happy. Brand new study just got accepted two weeks ago on negativity bias.

The same thing we found. If you have low activity in the front part of the brain, not only are you not happy, you're much more likely to be negative. And negativity is bad for the brain. Now, you need some anxiety. I always tell my patients, I go, I don't want to be anxious anymore. I'm like, let me, is it okay if I take you from 80, 0 to 100, from 80 to 15?

Because I want you to have some anxiety. So you don't drink. You don't drive at 125 miles an hour down the freeway. You don't get the idea you're going to go rob a store and then you do it because the anxiety will say you don't like institutional food or you don't look that good in orange stripes. How many of the issues you think that we're seeing from a mental health perspective are top down versus bottom up?

I think it's probably 70-30, 70% brain and 30% undisciplined minds. And my mission in life, why I think I'm on the planet, is actually to end the concept of mental illness by creating a revolution in brain health.

And if I can create that revolution in brain health, we're actually working on a national brain health initiative. I think 70% of the mental health problems will go down. Why do you think that this is the unhappiest generation at the moment? What's contributing to that?

Because they have brain problems. They think of alcohol as a health food. They think of marijuana as innocuous. They think of psilocybin as the cool new thing that I should do because it treats PTSD and depression. And I think I should do it at the party I'm at Friday night.

I think there are a series of lies that are driving the problems we have. And then if you take on top of that social media where you think everyone else's life is better than yours, the negative news that is actually designed to hook you to keep watching even though it makes you angry so that they can sell you more copper underwear and then take on top

70% of the calories the young people consume are ultra-processed. So we're poisoning their food. We're putting toxic products on their bodies. We're feeding them negative news, negative comparisons on social media. It's a shit show.

And the way out, I believe, is brain health. Because when you ask yourself this one question, and this is really the one question to unpack, whatever I do today, is this good for my brain or bad for it? And if I can answer that question with information and love, love of myself, love of my family, love of the reason God put me on earth, I just get better.

Dig into the effect of alcohol, marijuana, mushrooms on the brain. I think we're seeing a huge downturn in alcohol use and a huge uptick in THCs at the moment. In fact, Gen Z are more likely to smoke weed than they are to drink alcohol. And that's, you know, in the space of 50 years, a big pivot. So I'm interested to know what

even short term and then slightly more protracted, you know, social normal, normal use, whatever normal recreational use of alcohol, weed and mushrooms. You see the

disaster we have with our mental health. Teenagers who use marijuana in their 20s have an increased risk of anxiety, depression, suicide, and psychosis. I'm not a fan at all. I published a study on a thousand marijuana users. Until recently, the largest imaging study ever

Every area of the brain is lower in blood flow and activity. It makes your brain look older than you are. Now, I've known that for a long time. I'm also a child psychiatrist, and parents would bring me their 16-year-old child, and they go, I think he has ADD. I heard about your work with ADD or ADHD. I think he has it. I'm like, well, did he have it when he was 10? Did he have it when he was 8? Did he have it when he was 12? No, no, no.

I'm like, we're going to do a drug screen. And it came out when it started hanging around with little Johnny from two doors down. That's exactly it. What's happening functionally with THC use that's causing that effect in the brain? It's decreasing activity and blood flow in the brain. And then just recently, another group has nothing to do with me published a study on

on a thousand marijuana users, young marijuana users, significant areas of their brain involved with learning and memory were underactive. And it's like, that's not loving your brain. And it's like, but I can't deal with the anxiety.

It's like, well, have you tried diaphragmatic breathing or learning not to believe every stupid thought you have? Or theanine. I'm like a huge fan of theanine. From green tea, of all things, decreases anxiety and helps you focus. It's interesting that the...

The salve that some people are using acutely to try and treat a symptom is predisposing them to more of that symptom once they come out the other side of it. There's a poetic irony going on there. Yeah, I wrote a book called Feel Better Fast and Make It Last. And it's like, I want you to do things that help you feel good now and later as opposed to now but not later. Yeah, you don't want to be borrowing health and well-being from tomorrow to pay it today. No. What about alcohol?

It makes your brain look older than you are. And when I first started scanning people, I was the director of a substance abuse treatment program.

And their brains look so bad. I actually put them on a poster. And the poster hangs in 100,000 schools around the world called Which Brain Do You Want? Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine. Not good. None of them were pretty brains? No. No.

And it was like so impressed. I was so impressed with the visuals that actually for now I make my patients posters. It's like, here's a healthy brain. Here's yours. Here's yours if you get it healthy. And here's yours if you don't five years from now. And the title is, which brain do you want? Very motivating. Yeah.

Uh, Jonathan Cain did my show. He's the guitarist, uh, keyboardist for journey, the band journey. And he wrote many of their iconic songs. Um, he saw his brain and he was drinking like two bottles of wine a night and stopped.

And that was nine months ago and hasn't drank since. I'm like so proud of it. It's a real motivator for people now. If you're smart and you realize your brain, the physical functioning of your brain is involved in everything you do, how you think, how you feel, how you act, how you get along with other people. It's the organ of every decision you make. If you're damaging it, you are damaging your present and your future.

I think so much of it comes back to that tension I spoke about earlier on that our day-to-day conscious experience of our own minds is the most salient thing. And yet the structure that's underpinning them is so opaque because we don't get to know...

why am I feeling a little bit worse this month versus last month? Yeah, maybe, you know, I had to send it a bit too hard at a few parties. And yeah, maybe I didn't get that much sleep. And yeah, maybe I've been eating a lot of sugar. But like, who's to say sometimes I eat sugar and I feel fine the next day. So there's always the, it's very slippery, you know, not in the same way. I think that if you eat a

a calorie surplus for a couple of months. And then you look in the mirror and you go, I'm, I'm a bit fluffy. You know, I kind of, I can see what's going on. Now, if there was an external representation of structurally what was happening to our brains beyond our conscious experience, which is so slippery and you can't draw those, uh, lines, um, the, the, the trend between what I did and the impact that it had. And I'm going to guess that a lot of this stuff's lagged a

as well. It's not going to be immediately, I smoke weed one day, my brain immediately starts functioning more differently. It's going to be cumulative. It's going to build up over time. It's going to be to do with acute changes, but turning into chronic, like state changes, turning into trait changes over time. So everybody can just, no, well, you know, like I'll just, it's another. Well, and nobody cares about their brain.

Because you can't see it, right? Just like you're saying, you can see the wrinkles in your skin or the fat around your belly, and you do something when you're unhappy with it. And in 1991, when I looked at my brain for the first time, I'm a double board certified psychiatrist by then. I was the top neuroscience student in medical school. I didn't care about my own brain.

But when I saw it, and then I saw my mom's brain. So I saw my mom's brain the week before, and her brain was stunningly beautiful.

which reflected her life. And still, 93, she's got 55 grandchildren, great-grandchildren. She knows everybody's name, everybody's birthday, what's going on in everybody's life. I was unbelievable how it reflected her brain. And then I looked at mine, and it wasn't healthy because I played football in high school. I had meningitis when I was a young soldier. I had bad habits.

But when I saw it, I'm like, "No, I'm not gonna have my 60-year-old mother having a better looking brain than mine." - Wiping the floor with me neurologically. - So I came up with this term called brain envy. I always say Freud was wrong. Penis envy's not the cause of anybody's problem. I've not seen it once in 45 years. Brain envy. You wanna learn to, you wanna want a better brain.

And as I develop brain envy, I'm like, okay, what do I do to have a better brain? Well, you all have a sense of this physically. I love the shape of that person's body. And if I go to the gym and I train a lot, then maybe I can start to make myself look like that. But again, because everything is so opaque internally. You mentioned ADHD earlier on. What's different in the scans of people who have an ADHD brain? So one of the big lessons early on is...

is I learned that all psychiatric illnesses are not single or simple disorders. They all have multiple types. Now, I've published a number of studies on ADHD.

consistently. They have lower prefrontal cortex function. Front third of their brain is lower in activity, especially when they try to concentrate. So it's low at rest, drops further when they try to concentrate. But also their cerebellum is lower and an area of the brain called the basal ganglia where dopamine is lower in activity. That's the classic type. But there are other types. One

I'm famous for called the ring of fire, where they don't have low activity in their brain. They have high activity in the brain. And eight times out of 10, if you give this person a stimulant, you make them worse, which is why Ritalin has a bad reputation for the right person. It's miraculous for the wrong person. It's a nightmare. That's interesting. Do you think we've got an overdiagnosis of ADHD at the moment? And an underdiagnosis. So I think, um,

Girls are often underdiagnosed because they don't bring the negativity to themselves with troubled behavior. They don't act up in the same sort of a way, especially in school. And I think that I'm so excited the government just banned red dye number 40 because I think artificial dyes and sweeteners and ultra-processed food increase the expression of

of ADHD in our society. There's a study from Holland where they gave 300 kids, put them on an elimination diet. So they basically eliminated gluten, dairy, corn, artificial dyes and sweeteners. 70% didn't have ADHD anymore. So shouldn't, if you have a child you're worried about, or if you're worried about yourself, rather than going on a stimulant diet,

"Well, let's just for a month try to change your diet to be a healthy diet." And I first got interested in diet early in my career when I had a mother of an autistic child said, "I stopped gluten and dairy." And the next week he had 50 more words. And I'm like, "Why is that?"

And so as we study the brain and nutrition, both gluten and dairy, so gluten in your stomach mixed with stomach acid turns into something called gluteomorphins, which work on the opiate centers in your brain. So they turn things down. And milk or dairy products have casein, one of the proteins, turns into caseomorphins.

And so if you get rid of those, get rid of gluten and dairy, you just think clearer. Is this for everybody? The same for everybody. There are some people that are more vulnerable. I know for me, when I have dairy, my stomach is much more unhappy. And if I stay away from it, I'm just fine.

It's interesting how the foods that make us feel good and that are so popular are also the ones that cause us to function worse. But now you know why they make you feel good, because they're actually working on the opiate centers of your brain. So if you think of pizza, gluten and dairy, it's like, oh, I love that.

but it doesn't love me back. And that's ultimately the question with alcohol or brownies or pizza. Do I love it? And does it love me too? Because I don't know if you've ever been in a bad relationship. I was in a bad relationship and I'm not doing that anymore. I'm married to my best friend and I'm damn sure not doing it with food.

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slash modern wisdom. I want to talk about brain fog. I think this is something that everybody sort of has a sense it's going, I'm just not functioning quite as sharply as I would like. I feel like my thoughts should be more agile, more nimble, and I'm struggling to recall words. Maybe I'm not getting to the point as quickly as I would like. What is brain fog? Where does it come from?

Well, there's many different causes of brain fog. I have an acronym maybe we should talk about. If you want to keep your brain healthy or rescue it, you have to prevent or treat the 11 major risk factors that steal your mind. And the acronym is Bright Minds. And this is actually my Alzheimer's prevention program. I wrote a book about it called Memory Rescue. And then

I'm like, oh, this is my end of mental illness acronym as well, right? If we assume your brain creates your mind, if your brain's not healthy, your mind's not healthy. So I wrote another book. How can you have a healthy mind without a healthy brain? Called The End of Mental Illness. And I've really dived into each of these 11 risk factors. So brain fog.

B stands for blood flow. Low blood flow is the number one brain imaging predictor of Alzheimer's disease. It goes with brain fog. So what gives you low blood flow in your brain? Caffeine constricts blood flow to the brain. Nicotine constricts

Marijuana, alcohol, not sleeping, being overweight. I published three studies on 33,000 people. As your weight goes up, the size and function of your brain goes down, which would scare the fat off anyone. Being sedentary, you know, little kids wouldn't

I was a little kid. We're out all the time, out playing, play, play. And now kids are in front of screens with using their thumbs, playing video games. And so they're not getting the level of exercise they did before, which, oh, by the way, will increase the expression of ADD or ADHD. So blood flow. R is retirement and aging. Does your brain look older than you are?

And of all things, high iron levels accelerate aging. And so I look at ferritin levels, iron storage in all of my patients. And I naturally have the gene that causes me to accumulate iron. Me too. And so I'm always donating blood because I don't want my brain to age faster than

than it should. I is inflammation. And it's like, what causes inflammation? Having a leaky gut.

or having an unhealthy mouth. So periodontal disease is a major cause of inflammation. So I became a flossing fool. Low levels of omega-3 fatty acids. I just study on 50 consecutive patients who came to Amen Clinics who are not taking omega-3s.

49 of them had suboptimal levels. Isn't that crazy? And another study was 93% of the population have suboptimal omega-3 fatty acids. And so to improve that, get rid of the processed foods, take fish oil, or we actually make a vegan omega-3 from algae, floss, get your gut healthy. Yeah.

G is genetics, but I think we think of genetics, oh, my dad's an alcoholic, that's why I drink. You could have the opposite thought. Many people do. My dad's an alcoholic, that's why I don't drink.

But genes aren't a death sentence. What they should be is a wake-up call. I don't know what you have in your family, but I have obesity and heart disease. But I'm not overweight, and I don't have heart disease because I'm on an obesity heart disease prevention program every day of my life because my grandfather had his first heart attack when he was a year younger than I am now.

H is head trauma, major cause of psychiatric problems. And nobody knows about it because people don't look at the brain. When you start looking at the brain, it's like, so when did you have a head injury? And they go, well, I didn't. And I'm like, are you sure? Have you ever fallen out of a tree, off a fence, dove into a shallow pool? And you cannot believe the number of people go, no, no, no. Oh, when I was seven, I fell out of a second story window.

Or when I was 13, I fell out of a moving car or I played football. And even if you never had a concussion, you had hundreds or even thousands of subconcussive blows. So brain is soft. Skull is hard. Skull has sharp bony ridges. Don't hit soccer balls with your head.

Did you play sports growing up? I did. I played cricket, a much smaller ball. But I also did a lot of boxing, a lot of Thai boxing, stuff like that. So yeah, I mean, the entire sport is being hit in the head. So when we look at your brain, we might see some of that. I'm sure that you will. Yeah. Okay, we've gone B-R-I-G-H. H, head trauma. T is toxins. And so we talked about marijuana and we talked about alcohol.

clearly toxic to brain function. There's not one question in my head that they age your brain, they're not good for you. Some surprising toxins, general anesthesia.

The kids who have general anesthesia have a higher incidence of ADD and learning disabilities. Single dose? Single dose. Adults who have general anesthesia have a higher incidence of dementia. From a single dose? From a single dose. And the worst is a coronary artery bypass surgery. Uh...

Now, if you're going to do something bad for your brain, because you might not have a choice, right? Yeah, the choice between having a brain that's suboptimal and a heart that's not working. It's like, okay, we'll get the heart working and then we'll deal with the brain thing. And then we have to rehabilitate the brain. But very few people ever think about that. They just think general anesthesia is innocuous when in fact it's, and it surprised me. I mean, how I learned about it was I had a patient

She's an alcoholic. I got her sober, got her brain better. Brain was healthy. She had a knee replacement. And now she's crying on the phone to me, I have Alzheimer's disease. I scanned her, her brain's completely toxic. And so I go to the library at a time when there were libraries for these things. And there's a whole literature on general anesthesia and cognitive impairment that

Stepping into your world for a moment, what is the contrast that's used in certain types of CT scans for the brain? So we don't do CT. No, but what is it for the ones that do get done? Is it MRI? Is it bromelain? Bromelain? Gadolinium. Gadolinium. Thank you. For MRIs. Yes. Which...

is a metal which sort of sticks around. So if you can do it without contrast, ours, we don't use a dye, we use a radiopharmaceutical, HMPAO or Cirotec, and it's gone in 24 hours. And if you drank 32 ounces of water, dramatically gets rid of it faster. Gadolinium was something that Dr. Gabrielle Lyon, who's my doctor, brought up.

I was going to go and get a scan done with contrast. And as I'm on my way in, I get a call like, do not get the contrast, please. Let's just do it without. You'll be fine, et cetera, et cetera. And yeah, it's wild. The additives that are used to try and facilitate something that's supposed to make you better. Not even the treatment itself is the issue. It's some weird ancillary part of the process. It's the general anesthetic. It's the gadolinium in order to be able to get the contrast. It takes ages for you to work that out. Right. Yeah.

M, mines. Other toxins, the products you put on your body, the parabens, the phthalates, what are they? They're hormone disruptors. And is there a connection between autism and the products we put on our bodies? I mean, I think it's an important question to ask. Have you seen any evidence around that? I have. And it's frightening.

Because many people read food labels and it's like, oh, I don't know what that is. I won't eat it. But they never read product labels. And so look at there's a...

an app I like called Think Dirty, which allows, it's not what you think it is. I was going to say, that doesn't sound like something that, it's a health product. It allows you to scan your personal products and it'll tell you on a scale of one to 10 how quickly they're killing you. So for example, I used to shave with Barbasol and one is live a long time, 10 is die early. It's a nine.

And now I shave with something called Kiss My Face, and it's a two. And it's actually not more expensive because it lasts forever. What you put on your skin goes in your body and affects your body. And people just never even think about that. What about environmental toxins, air quality, mold?

Mold is bad for the brain. I'm in a documentary with Dave Asprey called Moldy, because when I saw his brain for the first time, it was moth-eaten. It was terrible. Turned out he had mold. And when he got rid of the mold, his brain got better.

So mold. He spent a long time detoxing last year. He did. Mercury, heavy metals like lead. I often, if I see a toxic brain and they're not drinking or using marijuana, I'm like, why is it toxic? Is it anesthesia? Is it mold? Is it mercury? Is it lead? And it could be their detoxification pathways just aren't very healthy. And

People who take saunas have a lower incidence of Alzheimer's disease, in large part because it's helping the body detoxify itself.

So that's the T, toxins. Toxins. So the M, mental health issues, especially negativity bias, low hope, high AMP population, and adverse childhood experiences. We published a huge new study on 7,500 patients on how many bad things happened to you growing up and did that have a lasting impact on

on your brain. And it turns out it does. So have you heard of the ACE questionnaire before? Yes. So adverse childhood experiences, zero to 10, physical, emotional, sexual abuse, neglect, witnessing domestic violence, having a parent with a mental health issue, incarceration, or addiction. And

And people who score four or more have an increased risk of seven of the top 10 leading causes of death. People who score seven or more die 20 years early. So here we have the inverse of the directional dynamic that we've been talking about. This is something which is going top down. It's something experiential, story that you tell yourself, a narrative that is now functionally changing the way that the brain works. Is that correct?

the direction that we're into here? Correct. Interesting. So the chronic stress causes your emotional brain to become hyperactive where now you're always watching for something bad to happen. So that's the negativity bias. So the more

A score you have, the higher your A score, the more likely you are to notice the negative. And I actually had a positive training program to teach people to notice what's right. And my wife, who has an A score of eight,

She's like, this is the dumbest game I've ever seen. Because she believed noticing the scary people protected her. Where I'm like, the chronic stress is going to take you out early. But she's like holding on to me. It feels like safety to her. Yeah. In fact, we just did a whole podcast together on negativity bias and

I'm like, you have to teach people to be more positive in order to feel it yourself. Before we continue, you've probably heard me talk about Element before, and that's because I'm frankly dependent on it. For the last three years, I've started every morning with Element. Element contains a science-backed electrolyte ratio of sodium, potassium, and magnesium with no sugar, no gluten or artificial ingredients or any other BS. It plays a huge role in reducing muscle cramps and fatigue while optimizing brain health, regulating appetite,

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You can get a free sample pack of all eight flavors with your first purchase by going to the link in the description below or heading to drinklmnt.com slash modern wisdom. That's drinklmnt.com slash modern wisdom. What about, you've mentioned ACE there, what about adverse adult experiences? Is that something as well? Yes, absolutely. Is the required dose as a child less than it is as an adult for chronic stress?

the dose would be less for a child because they have an undeveloped nervous system. But I often say it's the brain you bring in to trauma

physical or emotional, that determines the brain that comes out of trauma. How fertile is the ground that we're working with here? Yeah. Interesting. Yeah. My first published paper a long time ago, 43 years ago, was on post-Vietnam stress disorder, and I called it a metaphor for current and past life events. So if you brought a vulnerable brain into a traumatic situation in Vietnam,

is gonna affect you more than if you brought in a healthy brain. This has been shown, I think, in PTSD across a lot of different studies that I've seen where

people who had a predisposition to anxiety disorder going in are the ones that are the most likely to then suffer with the PTSD on the other side. So I guess that would be the brain that you bring in is what you get out on the other end as well. And it's also the genes you bring in, because we have seen that genes can affect generations. So if you have PTSD in

if your grandparents had PTSD, you are more likely to develop it yourself because that stress changed their genes, the ones they gave to you. Well, I mean, there's a, you know, if you are a woman,

at one point, your grandmother was pregnant with your mother, and inside of your mother, while your grandmother was pregnant with her, was the egg that was going to make you, because every baby is born, female baby is born, with all of the eggs that she's ever going to have. So you have this odd three-generation window where, you know, month eight, month nine, everybody's together, kind of, in a way. No, that's exactly right. And teenage girls need to know they are carrying their babies.

And so the drugs they're using is turning on or off certain genes to make illness more or less likely. Not in them, but in their babies and their grandbabies. And another new study that just like exploded my mind, they looked at aspartame. So the sweetener that's in diet sodas, it made the mice anxious.

but it also made their babies anxious and their grandbabies anxious. And aspartame is now in 5,000 products. And so you wonder, in part, if the mental health epidemic is because...

of an artificial sweetener that people thought was free. Like I used to drink it like it was my best friend because I'm like, oh, it's free. And when I was 35, I had arthritis. Like I couldn't get off the floor when I was playing with my kids, my hands and my knees hurt. And then one of my patients one day, this is how I learned most of

what I know my patients teach me. She said, I stopped aspartame and my arthritis went away. And I think maybe I had a diet soda in my office while she was saying this. And so I stopped and my arthritis went away. And I'm not that smart. And so a month later, I'm like, nah, probably not. So I had another one and I just had this huge flare and I'm like breaking up with diet soda. M-I-N-E.

M. I is next. What's I? Immunity and infections. And I think there's going to be a whole sub-branch of psychiatry in the future. If you overlay a map of schizophrenia, so one of the most severe psychiatric disorders where people who lose touch with what's real and what's not real, highest

in the United States is the Northeast, the North Midwest, and the West Coast. If you overlay that map with the highest incidence of Lyme disease, they're identical. So is it possible that an infectious disease is causing some mental illness? And the answer is absolutely yes. And we have so many great stories of people

Like Adriana, 16 years old, beautiful, normal, goes to Yosemite on vacation.

When they get to their cabin, they're surrounded by six deer and they think it's a magical moment. And 10 days later, she starts hallucinating. She becomes aggressive, paranoid, goes to a psychiatric hospital. She's diagnosed with schizophrenia, put on medication. The doctor trained at Stanford said to the mother, she's going to have to be on this for the rest of her life. And six months later, she's a shell of herself. She comes to see us. Her brain's on fire. Why is her brain on fire?

she had Lyme disease. And on an antibiotic, she's no longer sick. Or earlier in Babesia, you'll do that to a person. Yeah. And we saw that with COVID. COVID causes this inflammatory bomb that goes off in the brain. And we've known that. Well, syphilis, for example, can pretty much make you crazy. HIV can change the way you think. And when I saw many HIV brains, they're so negatively affected.

Now, thank God there's treatment for it. But I think infectious disease is a major cause of psychiatric problems. What are some of the other common infectious diseases? You mentioned Lyme. That's pretty common. COVID. Everybody at some point was probably exposed to that. What are the other ones? Herpes, cytomegalovirus, and something called PANDAS. Have you heard of PANDAS? Pediatric.

autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with strep infections. So you know if you get strep throat, you have to treat it, because if you don't, you can develop some very serious heart problems. Well, about 30 years ago, researchers at the NIH found

The same antibodies to strep that attack your heart attack your brain. And they can create new onset OCD, obsessive compulsive disorder, in the brain from an infection, which is why it's important if you have a psychiatric disorder to get...

the infections assessed. I had this one boy as a consultant on the movie Concussion with Will Smith about chronic traumatic encephalopathy, football dementia. And one of the people who was involved in the movie had a nine-year-old son who was on three psychiatric medications. And they said, would you see him? And when I saw his brain, I'm like, he's got an infection. And

And it turned out he had Lyme and pandas. And when they were treated, he got so much better. M-I-N. Neurohormone abnormalities.

If your estrogen's not right and you're a woman, your brain's not right. If your progesterone's not right, your brain's not right. Obviously, if your thyroid's not right, your brain's not right. If your testosterone's too low, your brain's not right. And if it's too high, you lose half your net worth and visit your children on the weekends because your libido goes up and your empathy goes down. It's a very bad thing.

And did you know that if you get a sugar burst, it drops testosterone levels by 25%. So if you share the cheesecake with your partner at the restaurant, no one's getting dessert when you get home. Okay, D. Diabesity. Probably, well, they're all bad, but this is super bad. So diabesity is your blood sugar is high and or you're overweight.

And both of them are just a disaster for brain function. In fact, if you're overweight or have high blood sugar, you have virtually all of the risk factors because you have low blood flow. It ages your brain. It creates inflammation. It alters your genes. So maybe not a head injury, but fat stores toxins. They give you mental health problems. It ruins your immunity.

It takes healthy testosterone and turns it into unhealthy forms of estrogen. You don't sleep well. How does anyone have a functioning brain in the modern world? Loving your brain. I just talked to one of my patients who I was a miserable failure with for eight years and a wild success the last six. And she just loves her brain and loves her life because every day she just asks that one simple question, what I'm doing today.

good for my brain or bad for it. And if I just stay with what's good and people go, we have a high school course called Brain Thrive by 25 and decreases drug, alcohol, and tobacco use, decreases depression, improves self-esteem. Independent research showed that.

And in week four, when it's 12 weeks, in week four, we go, okay, these are the things to avoid. Invariably, a 14-year-old boy, never a girl, boy raises his hand and go, how can you have any fun? And we play a game with the kids called who has more fun.

The kid with the good brain or the kid with the bad brain? Who gets the girl and gets to keep her because he doesn't act like an ass? The kid with the good brain or the kid with the bad brain? Who gets into the college they want to get into? Who has the most meaningful long-term relationships? It's the person with the good brain, right? We have to get rid of the notion, I need to do something that harms me in order to

to have fun. Yeah. It's an odd trade. I think, uh, being British, the sort of Larry drinking culture that was very popular in when I was at university and I went to university 2006 and I was there until 2011. And, uh, that was like a rite of passage. My master's dissertation was the effectiveness of anti-alcohol advertising on students at Newcastle university. Uh,

shock, horror, it's kind of hard to do. If you're 21 or 22 years old and you're at university at one of the biggest drinking unis in the UK that kind of has pride, I guess, in how hard it goes, that it's very difficult to have that sort of an intervention. Really, really tough that people saw it as a badge of honor. You know,

There's not many things that you bond over how painful they are, but nights out are one of them. So if you were to ring someone and say, hey, Alex, how was the night last night? And you go, dude, it was amazing. Josh nearly lost an eye. You go, that's not typically the sort of review that I get. But it's this odd rite of passage badge of honor that people go, oh my God, that's how heavy it was. It was crazy. You know, like you ended up without a toe. That's the situation that people get into. And, um,

I suppose, especially guys like Jonathan Haidt, Gene Twenge, they've got these concerns about slow life strategy, about young people being too coddled, this extended adolescence, as they call it. But I do think that there's some advantages to this, which is that people aren't sending it in the way that me and the guys that I went to uni did from the age of 18 to 25.

Whether that's because they're too nervous to leave the house or because their brains are battled by Netflix and TikTok. Okay, right. There's a trade-off that's going on here. I'm not saying that it's necessarily net better, but we've got rid of one of the toxins. I'm actually not a huge fan of sending kids away to school to live with other underdeveloped brains. You know, your brain's not finished developing until you're 25. Right.

And when I was 18, I went in the military because Vietnam was still going on. And thankfully for me, I didn't go to Vietnam. I went to Europe. But for me, it was great because it was structure. But the brain's just not done until you're 25. Why would you send it away where basically half the people are functional alcoholics and where that's just normal?

And it can have a negative impact on their brain for the rest of their lives. I'm interested, you mentioned early childhood experiences earlier on. How do early childhood experiences shape the brain? Like, what's going on? It changes it. It actually takes their emotional brain and heightens it so that they're always watching for something bad to happen.

We look specifically at how good you are recognizing faces, and they're very good at it. And then there's something called non-conscious negativity bias. Do you recognize happy faces faster, or do you recognize negative faces faster? And they're masterful with the negative faces. So they're always out looking at what could hurt them, what's wrong. And that

Chronic cortisol exposure, distress hormones, it's just bad for them. They're more likely to get cancer. They're more likely to get sick.

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slash modern wisdom. Yeah, I think in schools, we should teach kids to love and care for their brains, and we should teach them how to manage their minds. So for example, I was 28 years old in my psychiatric residency at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C. That's where I did my psychiatric training. One of our professors said, you have to teach your patients not to believe every stupid thing they think.

And I'm like, but I believe every stupid thing I think. No one had ever taught me, even though I had 25 years of education, no one had ever taught me to question my own thoughts. Like when I get a thought, my wife never listens to me. To at least go, is that true?

And I've written and produced now 19 national public television specials about the brain. And she's listened to every script. But just if I don't question my thoughts, I believe them, even though they're a lie. And then I act as if they're true, which gets me no end of grief. So now I get that thought and I'm like, well, that's not true. And it just helps me so much to live in truth and live in the moment.

How much can that impact from early childhood be reversed in your experience? So much of it. I dedicated my book, The End of Mental Illness, to my two nieces, Alizé and Amelie. It's about eight years ago now. Wow. Almost nine years ago, they were taken into foster care. So I had never met them.

And my wife's half-sister and her husband were drug addicts. And so they were raised in a very stressful environment. So on a scale of zero to 10, how many ACEs? They had nine. And I dedicated the book to them because it's like you don't have to live. That is not going to be your destiny. Yeah.

And by teaching them to not believe every stupid thing they have, to get them the right help. I love a therapy called EMDR, stands for eye movement desensitization and reprocess. You get triggered.

Think about it. Go there, right? Don't drink it away. Go there. Get your eyes going back and forth. Tell me what comes up. Tell me what's happening with the MDR. It's calming down that diamond pattern or the trauma pattern in your brain. I published a study on it in police officers who were involved in shootings. They all had that heightened emotional brain. And after an abstraction,

average of eight sessions all calmed down. Now, if you grow up in trauma like these girls did, so they had years of it, it takes more than eight sessions. But that plus learning to kill the ants, the automatic negative thoughts, plus

not believing that hot Cheetos is a health food. They're just doing amazing. Why is lateral eye movement nice for the brain? It unlocks the left and it gets the left and right hemispheres to work together to unlock the chronic hyperactivity in those circuits and it calms the

It's very interesting. It's so funny that moving your eyes is this sort of direct access to the brain. But it's moving your eyes with, well...

Your eyes are the only part of your brain that's uncovered, right? I mean, your eyes are really your brain. It's rooted out through the front of the face. Right. But getting them to go back and forth stimulates the left side and the right side, the left side. And so while you bring up that memory, it just tends not to bother you.

I had one patient recently, he was on a flight and when he was landing, he started to panic. And I'm like, great, let's go into it. And it went back to a very important memory in childhood that he had completely forgotten about. And as we processed it, flying didn't bother him anymore.

And so I always love, I want my patients to keep track of their triggers. So rather than drink, I want you to be curious about it, not furious. And if you write it down, we'll go hunt it down.

I'd heard something similar to EMDR about walks, that locomotion with the scenery sort of coming past the eyes. And typically, as you're walking, sort of looking left, there's a squirrel over there, you're looking, oh, there's a car coming this way. So have you seen with walks, has this been shown in the data that you've had a look at? You know, I think that's how Francine Shapiro, who developed EMDR, developed it.

on a walk when she would look one way and then the other way, one way, then the other way, whatever was bothering her didn't bother her anymore. And then developed this very cool form of psychotherapy. I also use it for peak performance that I'll use the eye movement. I have an NBA player to like, all right, let's go through the last game where he played really well.

Um, and just to sort of lock in that feeling. But if you had a bad game, it's like, well, let's go to all the other bad games that you had to just sort of clean them out of your head and then use it to focus on. So how do you want to show up?

I'd heard that once patterns and habits are laid down, that there's no pruning or getting rid of those pathways. All that there is is laying more preferred pathways over the top of them. How true is that from a structural perspective? Yeah, I don't think it's true. I think I've seen people undergo wildly positive transformations.

and wildly negative ones, right? We think of neuroplasticity as a good thing,

But it's not. It's a thing. Whatever you continually pay attention to, if it's positivity, your brain will learn to be more positive. If it's negativity or an addiction, it's going to be more negativity. And so where you bring your attention repeatedly always determines how you feel.

As long as you don't have an infection and your hormones are right, and we didn't talk about S, which is sleep, which is so important because when you sleep seven and a half hours, it turns on 700 health-promoting genes. And if you sleep less than six hours, it turns off 700 health-promoting genes. So making sleep, like I don't,

I go to bed to wash my brain, right? I go to bed because I want my memory to be better tomorrow. That's why I don't drink because I have more REM. I have more dreams. Mm-hmm.

Imagine for a second that you were to design a protocol for someone to follow that would put their brain in the worst possible state. We want to take a well-functioning brain and we want to make them moody and slow and unable to regulate themselves emotionally. What would be your prescription to turn a healthy functioning brain into a totally useless one? So if I was an evil ruler and I wanted to create mental illness, what would I do?

Well, if we just use the bright minds acronym, I wouldn't let them move. Right. I give them video games and just go stay here. Don't go anywhere. Stay here. And I'd give them a little bit of alcohol that they could have whenever they wanted and marijuana and caffeine. I wouldn't have them learn anything new. I'm like, no, you just do whatever.

Netflix, uh, and not even let them have the documentaries. I would not encourage them to take care of their teeth and floss. Um, I'd give them a processed food diet, which increases inflammation. I would tell them, Oh, your family's fat. So you're going to be fat. Um, and

I'd go, if you drive, make sure you're texting while you're driving to make sure they get a head injury. I would teach them that alcohol is a health food and marijuana is innocuous and, um,

Yeah. To just go under all the plastic surgery they could to get the general anesthesia that they didn't need. Right. To believe every stupid thing they thought. I'd have them start the day by turning on the news. And because people who watch the news are 27% less happy in the afternoon if they start the day with the news. Yeah.

And I'd have them never check their vitamin D level, never eat onions, garlic or mushrooms because they boost your immunity, never check their hormones, eat all the bad food they wanted and keep them up late at night. Like get really interested in murder shows right before bed so they couldn't sleep.

And that would take somebody that's relatively well-functioning and turn them into... Somebody who needed to see me. That could actually be a good front end of the funnel for the marketing though. If you promote that and then you can give them on the other side. Something else that we sort of touched on earlier on, let's say that someone's suffering from anxiety. What are the biggest do's and don'ts for them?

So if you suffer from anxiety and you start to panic, don't leave the situation you're in. Because if you leave, the anxiety is going to begin to control you. So that's the first step. The second thing is when you get anxious, learn how to breathe with your belly. Diaphragmatic breathing is as effective as Xanax breathing.

and there has no side effects. And do what I call it the 15 second breath. And you know what I mean when I say diaphragmatic, when you breathe in, stick your belly out as far as you can, because when you do, there's a muscle between your chest and your abdomen called the diaphragm, and it flattens and it doubles your lung capacity. So most vain people, like they hold their belly in when they're having a picture because they don't want to be seen as fat.

But do that when you're taking a picture. But in everyday life, you breathe in, stick your belly out as far as it'll go. Four seconds in, hold it for a second and a half, eight seconds out. So take twice as long to breathe out as you breathe in, hold it out for a little bit. So that's a 15-second breath. It'll break a panic attack in under four or five breaths. It's like so cool.

and you're controlling your own physiology, and then write down what you're thinking. And odds are, it's scary thoughts. They don't like me. They're judging me. I'm going to fail in some way.

And I teach all of my patients the 18-40-60 rule that says when you're 18, you worry about what everybody's thinking of you. When you're 40, you don't give a damn what anybody thinks about you. And when you're 60, you realize nobody's been thinking about you at all. People spend their days worrying and thinking about themselves, not you. And then if you need something else to calm down,

huge fan of hypnosis, just masterful at calming anxiety. I like supplements like theanine, GABA, magnesium, ashwagandha. Curcumins help actually decrease inflammation. There's so many things, but often people go to the doctor and become really anxious, and they write them a prescription for benzo.

Which I think should be malpractice, because once they start the benzos, annex, out of van, valium, whatever, they never stop them. And benzos are associated with addiction and dementia. So anything that's associated with addiction and dementia, you should only take that really thoughtfully. Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm.

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I'm interested in why we've got this massive onset of anxiety disorders. It seems to be the emotion du jour of the 21st century. So maybe it's aspartame. I mean, it was really clear in the study on animals that they got aspartame and they were anxious. And Valium, one of the benzos, calmed it down. No. It's like, and not only did it make

The animals anxious. It made their babies anxious. It made their grandbabies anxious. And that's not the only thing. But if you mix that with all the other ultra processed foods, with social media, with the negative news, right, our polarized culture now.

Now, which is quite frankly, is great for psychiatric business, but it's a disaster for our society. I mean, I had people suicidal after the last presidential election. Did you see that study that was done on the Boston Marathon bombing?

where they had two cohorts. One were either runners or spectators at the actual event, and the other were people who had watched at least two hours of news. And the people that watched two hours of news showed more signs of post-traumatic stress disorder than the people who were actually there and observed it firsthand. Crazy.

And it's being done purposefully, right? You watch, whether it's Fox or CNN, it's breaking news, breaking news, breaking news. It's the same thing they've been talking about for days. Everything can be breaking news, but apparently it is. But it's to keep your attention so they can sell you more things. And that is...

should make you mad. And I'm very interested in your research when you were studying alcohol prevention because I'm working with the White House on issues with mental health. And I wrote a drug and alcohol prevention program for them. But it's mostly about getting young people pissed off at

Anheuser-Busch because, you know, they spent $7.2 billion last year on sales and marketing. I'm like, they're not only taking your money.

They are taking your life and they're doing it with a lie. And so getting them angry about being manipulated, because I think that's what motivates teenagers. Emotion. It's emotion. Yeah. And not wanting to be controlled. And often they're like, well, my parents said don't drink.

So now I have to drink. This is revolutionary. Don't control me. I am going after my own independence and my own identity. Don't tell me what to do. They don't realize it's Anheuser-Busch you're telling them what to do. It's Anheuser-Busch and Jack in the Box and McDonald's and...

The food, they're telling them what to do and they just don't see it. They don't see the manipulation. Put someone, a model like Charlotte McKinney in a bikini and have her eat Carl's Jr. And you know, she's not eating that food because she'd never look like she did. She does if she ate that food. And so I think it's motivating them with emotion, but

at the same time teaching them to love their brain. The emotion thing's interesting. That was the one area. My master's dissertation, although very well received by my tutors, was largely a massive failure in that each intervention that I tried didn't seem to work in reducing. The one that did, interestingly, was looking at the externalities

of how your behavior affects the people around you. So it was imagining a marketing campaign showing you and your friends having a great night out and someone throws up because they've had too much to drink. But the next morning it showed the shopkeeper that had to go and spray his front step.

from the vomit that one of your friends had left. It was the grandma that was woken up in her house and she's already got quite fragile sleep, but because you were being raucous in her front garden at four in the morning, that it's disrupted her and it made her feel scared and it made her feel anxious. So it was kind of the same as the, you know, the classic James Bond torture scene where he's being tortured and he can just take it and I don't care, but then he would

they bring in somebody that he cares about as somebody that he loves. And that's when, you know, that's when they break. It was this externality that I can kind of handle the costs that I need to pay myself, but being the reason for a cost that somebody else has to pay kind of a special type of pain. And it seemed like people were, but again, with that, it was emotion. The emotion this time I think was guilt. It was shame. It was regret.

It was pro-social, which was interesting because I think alcohol a lot of the time is quite anti-social. But yeah, it's interesting that you aligned at something not too dissimilar for young people. You mentioned some supplements there. I mean, there is an endless list of things that are supposed to improve brain function. What are the ones that are the biggest winners from a supplement perspective? Omega-3 fatty acids help mood, memory,

and pain. I love that. My favorite of all of them

is saffron. So the spice, the most expensive spice in the world, has been shown in 26 randomized controlled trials to be equally effective as antidepressants with fewer to virtually no side effects. What's the mechanism it's working on? It seems to increase multiple neurotransmitters and decrease inflammatory markers.

And why I got interested in saffron is around 25 years ago, there was a study showing it helped mood and improve sexual function. And most of the antidepressants I prescribe decrease sexual function. And that was always something that used to really irritate me. I'm going to help your mood and ruin your relationship. Yeah.

And I'm like, no, I don't like that. And so I started paying attention to it. And then all this research, brand new study out just last week where they looked at 192 studies on 17,000 patients looking at what supplements.

worked for depression and they compared them against antidepressants and saffron came out the best alone. Interestingly, when you added zinc,

to antidepressants dramatically improved their effectiveness. That's so interesting. When you added curcumins from turmeric to antidepressants, dramatically increased its effectiveness. And so one of my favorites, saffron, zinc, and curcumins for mood. They also found sammy,

Very effective for pain and mood. I've only heard that used to help you get over MDMA comedowns. Again, you can tell I was a club promoter for a long time. 5-HTP?

not as effective in the studies as saffron. I'd like it if I'm trying to specifically boost serotonin. And did you know women have 52% less serotonin than men? I did not. Which is why if you make them mad, they're never going to forget it because it stimulates the part of their brain that keeps them stuck. Yeah.

And why women are at twice the risk of depression as men. The predisposition to rumination, to being stuck on thought patterns. They also have better frontal lobes, though. So I published a study on 46,000 brains and looking at differences between male and female brains. And women have more.

have much better frontal lobe function, which is why they go to jail 14 times less than men do. I would imagine the testosterone plays a role there as well. It does, but also the lack of forethought. Risk-taking behavior. If I do this, I'm more likely to be in a cage than if I don't do that. Okay. Omega-3s, saffron, SAMe,

Uh, theanine. Love theanine, especially for anxiety. Um, but it also can help with focus. I like that. Um, I like a good multiple vitamin, especially that has vitamin D because low levels of vitamin D are associated with virtually every bad thing. Um, B6, B12 and folate. Um, B12,

Methylated? Or have you not got a preference? Methylated. And it's about a third of the population has a folate genetic. Me too. And so I take extra methylfolate every day to decrease my homocysteine and decrease my risk of heart disease. Let me give you an interesting one from my most recent set of blood tests. My MCV...

was unusually high. And then I had a test done. My entire genetic profile got done toward the back end of last year. I've got four different polymorphisms that wreck my ability to do B12. So one in the gut, one in the blood, one in the brain, and one in the methylation pathway, something like that. So I've switched to B12 injections to try and bypass all of that. And that made a really big impact. Impact in what way?

I noticed improved energy was the main thing that I was having these dips in energy throughout the day, especially sort of post lunch and then earlier on an evening. So I'm still working through a bunch of stuff on an evening time, but this made, this made an impact despite the fact that every type of different methylated B12, B6 vitamin under the sun. But when you've got this series of different sort of hurdles that you need to jump over and when you think it's got to the stage where you're, uh,

the size of your red blood cells is actually being manipulated by this. I think, huh, yeah, I should probably pay attention to that. Any alcohol? No, never. Because sometimes that'll give you big red blood cells. One of the first things that I see. But that's not it. What else have we not gone through from that? Omega-3s, saffron, SAMe,

Ashwagandha? I like ashwagandha. It actually helps boost testosterone levels and can sort of calm you down.

uh magnesium i think have you got a preferred type depends on what we're using it for if you're constipated oxide if you can't sleep glycinate it's because you have muscle twitches taurate um but many people are magnesium deficient and it's like

Let's do the simple things before you go to the psychiatric medications. It doesn't mean you won't use the psychiatric medications, but it shouldn't be the first thing. But most doctors, they get no training in supplements. And so it's the medication that keeps you coming back.

You mentioned there about scans, comparison scans between men and women. When you look at men and women in your scans, what are the differences that you see in the brains? Women overall have healthier brains. They have healthier frontal lobes, but their emotional brains are busy, which...

You know, there's not one society on the faith is the earth where men are primary caretakers for children. So bonding is really important. But that heightened limbic system makes them ruminate more, makes them have a higher tendency to depression. And so...

Exercise boosts serotonin. Bright light therapy, I haven't talked about that. I love bright light therapy. Like sitting in front of a light box for 20 or 30 minutes. Have you got a preferred brand of light box? We make one. So it has both blue light and white light. So I like ours, but there are many of them. It's been shown to help with pain, with mood, with energy, with memory and sleep.

And so too often, you know, we're not in the sun enough. And we've been made afraid of the sun. So I think everybody should know they're important numbers. And one of them is their vitamin D level. Normal is between 30 and 100. People who are over 40 have half the risk of cancer of those who are under 20. And when I first tested mine, when I learned about this study,

15 years ago, I was 17. And I live in Southern California where the sun is out mostly, but I'm working.

during the day. And I noticed when I got my level high normal, 80, my appetite went away. Like I'd been trying to lose that extra 20 pounds forever, but I was just, it was the food chatter always, the food chatter just went away because my vitamin D level was normal. It's just crazy. Like things you wouldn't even think about. Mm-hmm.

Well, it's a system that is not compartmentalized and everything is affecting everything else. And I suppose as well, there's so many different contributing factors that you don't know exactly how it's going to impact you. A low level of vitamin D for somebody else could cause them to tend toward depression, could cause them to have lower energy, whatever it might be. But for you, it was appetite. All right, so that's women. What about men under the scans? Um...

lower prefrontal cortex function, which is why men are diagnosed with ADD five times more than women. Plus they play things like football and soccer, drink more. But they had more activity in the back part of their cerebellum, which is involved with coordination.

and tracking. Men tend to be really good with narrow focus. Women with vision, better peripheral vision, which means, I hate this part, if a guy sees a really cute girl, he has to turn his head so he gets caught. If a girl sees a really like

cute person they don't have to turn their head so they don't get caught it's sort of unfair very interesting you know my favorite my favorite study around uh local spatialization versus what's the what's it called when you throw something through the air and it intersects with something else

Anyway, the visual spatial coordination. Thank you. Thank you. So this would never be done again, I don't think. But it was in the 70s or the 80s. One of the problems that you have when trying to do these sorts of studies is that male shoulder articulation works differently. You've got different lengths in the forearm. So if you're going to say, well, look at throwing velocity, look at throwing accuracy, like you've just been trained to throw stuff that you put a boy, a group of boys near a

that's got some rocks in it, and those rocks are inevitably going to end up in the air pretty quickly. That's not quite the same for girls. So anyway, they decided to- No, but their parietal lobe, top back part of their brain, is stronger. We did see that in males. Yes. The study that they did to try and reverse this, or at least to try and control for the ability to throw, the training, the articulation, the length, the forearm, all this sort of stuff, they took one of those tennis ball serving machines-

and they fired it at students. And it was the job of the students to just get out of the way as opposed to try and hit something. They just needed to avoid it. And they didn't hit any one of the male participants once, whereas I think the girls got peppered a little bit more. Again, not convinced that this would pass an ethics board now. But just really interesting. I'm going to guess that the local memorization stuff, if you put a 10 by 10 card grid, that women will just wipe the floor with men, typically, with stuff like that. But if you want to try and, you know,

have a darts player on your team. It's like, you know, lean toward the guy perhaps than the girl. You've done, talking of men and women, you've done a lot of scans of couples in conflict. What have you learned about love and the brain and how we regulate in that? It's easier to love someone whose brain is reasonably healthy because they're reliable, predictable. You can trust them. When the brain is not healthy,

And then it's like, well, in which ways could it not be healthy if their frontal lobes are low? Less predictability, less consistency, more impulsive. And the hippocampus in women is larger than in men. The hippocampus is the major memory structure in the brain. It gets short-term memory into long-term memory. So you're just more likely to say things you shouldn't say. And

and hurt her feelings and then she won't forget it. She's going to hold on to it. She's going to hold on to it. I often, my first couple, they're so interesting. They brought their two kids to me.

because they thought they had ADD and the little girl had inattentive ADD and she got way better when I treated her. The little boy didn't get better. And so I started seeing him in therapy. I'm like, why is he not getting better? And I realized he's not getting better because his parents hate each other. And I was young and

bolder then. And so I go to the parents and I'm like, he's struggling because of your stress. I said, why don't you let me see you in therapy and see if I can help you? And they said, Dr. Amen, we really like you. We've seen four other marital therapists and it always makes us worse. And in my head, I thought, well, maybe they just hadn't seen anybody really good. And whenever you have that thought, shut it down.

And so they saw me and the first week I had two couches in my office. They sat on the opposite end of each couch. That's a bad sign in marital therapy. And after about three months, I know I'm not going to help them. The woman has a PhD in grudge holding. She's beating things from 15 years ago. She just like loops, can't let go.

And he's the sniper. I remember thinking, you're the sniper. He's late. He's disorganized. But whenever she gets into a vulnerable teaching place, he'll say something so mean to her just to get her going again. And...

At six months, I start having physical stress symptoms when I know they're on my schedule because I hate, hate being ineffective. At nine months, I'm in the shower getting ready to come to work, and I'm like, these people are on my schedule. And my stomach starts to hurt.

And I'm like, today I'm going to tell them to get divorced because it's not good for children to be in homes with chronic chronic. If that's happening to you and you just need to see them once or twice a week, imagine what it's like as a child that lives with them. Oh, it's terrible for them. And, but I grew up Catholic and my mother was not kidding about the whole thing. And so Catholic divorce, bad hell, things like that. And so I'm in the shower and I, the Catholic voice visits me.

Because you're not a good enough therapist. You're going to tell them to get divorced and damn their eternal souls to hell. And I started chuckling and I'm looking at the water faucet going, how much therapy do I need to get over this?

And I got out of the shower and we just started scanning people like that year. And I called my friend who owned the imaging center. And I'm like, Jack, will you give me two scans for the price of one? Because I was always like negotiating for my patients. And he's like, why? I was like, Jack, I have this couple and I'm feeling miserable. He's like, couple? He's like, I've been married twice. I can't figure it out. Do you think this will help?

Maybe we could do a business together and call it brainmatch.com, which I thought was hysterical. So I told, I'm like, obviously, I'm not being helpful to you. I want you guys to get scanned because that'll give me more information to help you.

She had an area of the brain called the anterior cingulate gyrus from hell. It's the gear shifter in the brain. And when it works too hard, people get stuck. They go into loops. Things don't go their way. They get upset. It goes with an OCD-like brain. And he had really low frontal lobes, which as a child psychiatrist, I should have figured out the ADD in the kids came from him.

And so I put him on Ritalin, her on Prozac. And just by random chance, if you believe in random chance, the night before I read an article in the American Journal of Psychiatry, the Prozac calms down the cingulate jars. And so I put her on Prozac, him on Ritalin. I said, let's try this. I don't want to see you for a month. Let's just see how they met. A month later, they come back. They sit on

the same couch. She has her hand on his leg. Now, that's a good sign in marital therapy. And they learned everything they needed to learn, and they didn't need me anymore. 35 years later, no, it was 33 years later, I was given a lecture in San Francisco. They showed up, and they're still married. And they don't see therapists. And they're not fighting with each other. Are they still on RedLyn and Prozac? No, they're on different things, supplements. But

Their brains are balanced and they love their brain and they love me. Well, you kept them together. And so if you think of domestic violence, think of somebody who's had a head injury or there's a substance. Impulse control.

There's, you know, there's bad brains are involved in domestic violence. And it could be both. It could be one spouse can't let things go and just hammers the other spouse. And then the other spouse, because their frontal lobes are low, they can't take it anymore. But when you look at it through the lens of neuroscience, judgment begins to go down and effectiveness goes down.

goes up because it's easy to call people bad. It's a hard moral, moral claim about whether or not you are doing this thing or not doing this thing, but you wouldn't say the same thing to a dog that was poorly trained and had been abused for its entire life. Yeah. Compassion goes way up. Can we rewire ourselves to be better partners? Absolutely. I always start with an exercise called the one page miracle. One piece of paper, write down what you want.

relationships, work, money, physical, emotional, spiritual health. What do I want in my relationship? Kind, caring, loving, supportive, passionate relationship. Almost everybody I know wants that. And so if your brain is healthy and you get a rude thought, well, you don't say it. Like Jerry Seinfeld once said, the brain is a sneaky organ. We all have

Weird, crazy, stupid, sexual, violent thoughts that nobody should ever hear. But when you drink, they get out. And I have crazy thoughts, but I don't say them. And I question them often. What does sex do to the brain? What does sex, the act of sex, do to the brain? I wrote a book once called The Brain in Love, and I talked about weird sex fiends and fetishes and how...

The arousal template, wherever you were, however old you were when you first got aroused, that's going to plant something in your brain that's going to be very powerful for you. And it could be shoes or it could be cows or it could be all sorts of unusual things.

Generally, sex produces a lot of oxytocin, that sort of cuddle connection. But also possessive. You're mine, you're part of my tribe, don't let anybody take you from me. I think oxytocin's actually involved in racism.

oxytocin, dopamine, and stimulation, and then relaxation. It helps heart rate variability go up. But it depends, right? There's so much wrapped up into sex about performance, about mutual respect. And I think for people who,

or thoughtful, it's like, let's have really good communication around this and not get our feelings hurt. If I didn't do what you wanted me to do, and I often say, guys have a short attention span. You have to teach them sort of like shooting free throws. You know, how do we learn to shoot free throws? We do a lot of them. And that's a good coach. Notices what you do right, teaches you when you can do better. If we had that sort of mindset,

with our partners, it would be better. And it's harder today because of pornography. Pornography changes the brain, for you have different expectations than perhaps before.

porn hub was everywhere why do you think it is that people struggle to communicate more clearly around sex is it shame is it embarrassment i i yes and i think it's a lack of really great education on communication what role does brain chemistry have in how we choose our partners

Well, I think brain function and our past has a lot to do with how we choose our partners. Are we choosing them because they're really a great partner for us or we're filling a deficit in us? Can you give an example of how that would show up? Well, a deficit would be my brother was a drug addict and tried to kill himself. And I loved him so much that

that I tend to be attracted to people who are troubled. And there's a part of me that wants to fix my brother. So I try to, so I tolerate and want to fix my partner.

The I can fix them meme. Yeah. Which often comes from past trauma. Have you noticed any particular brain patterns in people who struggle with commitment or jealousy or envy in relationships? Well, jealousy, they tend to be hyper frontal, though their frontal lobes work too hard. It's like they get a thought in their head and it then starts to spin and

I see that a lot. They can't let go. And some of them become stalkers. I had one patient who was a stalker and she had an OCD pattern in her brain. She just couldn't let go. Her brother saw me because he had road rage, couldn't let it go that someone cut him off. So he's going to tailgate them. She's going to stalk the person. He's going to stalk the car. Yeah, actually got arrested for...

following somebody eight miles down the freeway. And then when he cornered him on an off-ramp, he was an orthopedic surgeon, took out a long metal rod and bashed his windshield in. Called me from jail because I was seeing his sister. He had a very obsessive brain.

And she did too, just pointed in a slightly different direction. Yeah. I learned about limerence a couple of weeks ago. Have you heard of this term? Limerence. No. So it's currently being proposed to be added to the DSM. Uh, imagine a crush, but on steroids and it never goes away. So that infatuation phase, a lot of rumination, but limerence in particular is often, uh,

one, it's a unidirectional. So the limerent, the LO, the object of this person's desires often doesn't even know that they exist. Sometimes it can be for fictional characters, cartoon characters, can be for movie stars. It can be for people that have never met you. And it's fascinating. And I think that the obsessive, the OCD element of this

finding something, grabbing onto it, getting your hooks in and not being able to let it go. It would be fascinating for you to look at the brains of people that were limerent, as it's known, or suffering with limerence. That would be interesting. And I would expect there to be hyperfrontal. So what if, from our previous conversation, they had a strep infection that activated the obsessive part of the brain, and if you treated that effectively...

They stopped the obsession. Like, how interesting is that? One of my friends, Jason Waller, he was on a show called The Hills. He and I worked together on our foundation. He went to 14, um,

and drug programs like he was not learning. But as a child, he had terrible OCD to the point where he'd wear gloves at night with Neosporin in it because he'd washed his hands so often that if he had Panda Syndrome, so we assume he did, he had Panda Syndrome,

that it caused the OCD, which then caused the drugs and alcohol to calm down his brain. And it all goes back to an infection. So I think this is so interesting. But you brought up the DSM. I'm not a fan of it at all. I don't know anybody that is. Right. Diagnostic and statistical manuals. Mental disorders. I'm like...

They're not mental disorders. They're brain disorders. Get your brain healthy and your mind will follow. Stop making diagnoses based on symptom clusters with no biological data. That's the dark ages. We need to bring it into the light. You've worked with, you mentioned celebrity there. You've worked with a lot of celebrities. What do you wish more people knew about the reality of the lives of high status people?

Well, they're like regular people, except their dopamine has been worn out. That fame is potentially lethal for the brain. When people adore you, want to be with you, want something from you, they don't have the skill it takes often to manage it. And you can't, like I've seen some of the world's most famous people

And they all have this thought, I'm not enough. And I look at them like, if you're not enough, who would ever be enough? Right? But when you give them the tools and they use them, dramatically better. Some of the most wonderful people. I just did Khloe Kardashian's follow-up scan. I scanned her for their show,

Two and a half, three years ago. It was not good because she was in a bad car accident. But she just did what I asked her to do. And her brain's so much better. I'm so happy. How has she changed? How has that manifested in her daily experience? What's different for her? She's just happier and more consistent and making better choices.

We've talked a lot about supplement side, some of the ways that you can get stuff wrong. What are the daily habits that offer the highest ROI when it comes to improving brain health? Well, so if you can go back to Bright Minds, blood flow, it's exercise. Walk like you're late. Coordination exercises are the best. Played table tennis with my grandkids yesterday. That's the best brain exercise. Table tennis. Table tennis. Got to get your eyes, hands, and feet ready.

All working together while you think about this spin on the ball. Okay, to pivot that to pickleball, is that okay? So pickleball, but pickleball's not as fast. Ping pong is much faster if you play at a high level. Retirement and aging is just new learning. Always push your brain to do and learn something new.

Inflammation, floss and take omega-3 fatty acids. Genetics, know what's in your family and be on that prevention program every day of your life. If you have addiction, be on an addiction prevention program. If you have Alzheimer's, be on an Alzheimer's prevention program. Head trauma, don't text while you drive. Don't let your kids play tackle football or hit soccer balls with their head.

Toxins, avoid exposure as much as you can and detoxify. What are the detoxification? Drink more water because you'll pee out the toxins. Eat more fiber. You'll excrete the toxins. Saunas, sweating with exercise. Stop the alcohol because it ruins your detoxification organ. Mental health, stop believing every stupid thing you think. Start every day with today is going to be a great day.

And every day, my favorite exercise, what went well today? Just go hour by hour looking for what you love. One of my patients this morning told me a dream that I'll just never forget because it just shows our work has gotten into his unconscious dream life, which made me so happy. Our interview, the show up tonight on what went well today.

I know your vitamin D level, and I take something called Smart Mushrooms every day, 'cause mushrooms are good for immunity. Neurohormones kill the sugar, 'cause you want your testosterone to be healthy. Diabesity, I know how many calories I eat a day, because I have obesity in my family, and if I eat too much, weight just loves me, wants to stay, and I don't want it to stay. And I go to bed early.

Every night my kids make fun of me. Like, it's 8.30, I'm going to go get ready for bed. And it's like, but I'm like, I want to feel good tomorrow. Right? So it's thinking not just about the moment.

but thinking about all the moments, including death. It's like, okay, so we're all going to die. What's going to happen between now and then? So I'm not going to encourage it, but I'm also not going to be weird about it because I don't believe we're on the planet by random chance. I think there's creative design to think we're having this conversation and it was an explosion a long time ago and there was no design in it.

I think that actually takes more faith personally. So I'm like, yeah, it's all going to be okay. We've talked about the ants. How do you advise somebody to bring more positive thinking into their life? Let's say they've got a very overactive critical inner voice. They're noticing negative stuff all the time. They've got this default to pessimism, to rumination. Where do you get them to so that they're more optimistic? Give your mind a name.

So I love that so much. On our podcast, interviewed Stephen Hayes, who developed a form of therapy called ACT, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. And he talked about give your mind a name. Like, what would I name my mind? Came to me immediately. When I was 16, I had a pet raccoon.

And I loved her. And her name was Hermie. And Hermie was just like my mind. She's a troublemaker. She TP'd my mom's bathroom one day. Very bad. Very bad day. She ate all the fish out of my sister's aquarium. She'd leave raccoon poo in my shoe. That's my mind. It just creates trouble. And so when my mind is sort of getting out of control, you're going in the cage.

Or now I put her on her back and play with her, metaphorically in my mind, right? Don't believe every stupid thing you think. Separate, gain psychological distance from the noise, and then train it. Today is going to be a great day. What went well today? And then throughout the day, look for the little miracles. What are the micro moments? And for me...

It's a hummingbird. As for every reason, I love hummingbirds or butterfly or call from my granddaughter or waking up next to my wife and just grabbing her hand. Like notice it, right? You have to train it. If you just wake up with the news and you tend to be negative, you're just noticing what's wrong and you're going to be miserable. Hmm.

I love Rick Hansen's work around that in Hardwiring Happiness. And yeah, it's effortful. I think this is the difference when if you pivot from trying traditional talk therapy to doing something like CBT or something like ACT, you go from something that during the moment sort of feels very active to a modality that during the moment is instructive when you get off the cushion with talk therapy and

And sometimes there's not that much to do. But when you get off the cushion with CBT or with ACT, that's sort of when the real homework begins. And throughout the day, you've got, you know, a million reminders on your phone popping up telling you like what's going well right now. What would you tomorrow want you today to do? What went well today? It's an interesting pivot from investigating yourself to trying to change yourself, I think, with that. It's a skill and it's easier to do if your brain works right.

Dr. Daniel Amen, ladies and gentlemen, I love your work. I think it's so fantastic to try and

take the onus off of you are broken, you don't have sufficient willpower, you don't want yourself to be better. There's some sort of moral judgment on you as a person because you are not where you want to be to actually, well, let's see what's underneath the hood. Let's see sort of what's contributing to this. So where should people go? They're going to want to keep up to date with all of the things that you've got going on. You know, I often say don't take broken people and put them back together. I take awesome people and help them be more awesome.

And with a better brain, it's easier to do that. They can learn more about our work at amenclinics.com. Amen like the last word in a prayer. Clinics.com, they can follow me on Instagram or TikTok, DocAmen. Or learn about our supplements at brainmd.com. Thank you. Daniel, I appreciate you. Thank you. Thank you.

If you're wanting to read more, you probably want some good books to read that are going to be easy and enjoyable and not bore you and make you feel despondent at the fact that you can only get through half a page without bowing out. And that is why I made the Modern Wisdom Reading List, a list of 100 of the best books, the most interesting, impactful, and entertaining that I've ever found. Fiction and nonfiction, and there's real life stories, and there's a description about why I like it, and there's links to go and buy it. And it's completely free. You can

You can get it right now by going to chriswillx.com slash books. That's chriswillx.com slash books.